1. What are the histological features of bone?
BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
What are the histological features of bone?
Types of bone cells:
(Most likely to have “osteo”)
_____________
Cells from endosteum and inner periosteum
__________
Cells forming matrix
__________
Cells “trapped” in matrix
__________
Multinucleated cells “remodel” matrix

2. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Bone is classified depending on the arrangement of cells and matrix.
Types:
________ ~ Collagen fibers are __________ arranged
________ ~ Collagen fibers are arranged _________

3. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Types:
__________ (_______) ~ Network of mineralized bone (_____________) with many spaces
~ ___________ fills up these spaces in life

4. Types:
Cancellous (spongy)
Referring back to our discussion of striae and collagen fibers, what direction do you suppose the trabeculae align in relation to stress?

5. What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex
What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)?
Types:
_________ ~ Dense _______ bone that is mineralized (mature) with numerous units (________) arranged around ___________ _________
Compare this photomicrograph to the diagram and locate the listed structures

6. Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
Take 5!!!
Compact bone has a specialized canal system for the transport of nutrients and waste products. Why isn’t such a system necessary in cancellous bone?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

7. OK Mary, we know about your cartilage… so how does your bone grow?
2 patterns of ossification: (compared in table 6.2)
__________________
______________
Originally _________ tissue __________
Originally ________ that is ossified
Note: Both types start as ________ ______, which is remodeled as it matures

8. How does your bone grow? Intramembranous Ossification
fontanels
How does your bone grow?
Intramembranous Ossification
Occurs during _______ __________ and “finishes” by 2 years of age
Woven bone fibers connect and thicken forming ________ (cancellous bone)
Outer layer of __________ create outer layer of ________

9. How does your bone grow? Endochondral Ossification
Occurs during fetal development and “finishes” by “______________”
Hyaline _______ ______ formed
Presence of blood vessels on periphery cause “_________” to become “_______”
Internal chondrocytes die and are replaced by ________ and ______ cells

10. How does your bone grow? Endochondral Ossification
Hyaline cartilage model formed… everything is “__________”
Blood vessels invading ______________ stimulate __________ cells to become ______________
Perichondrium now becomes _______________
New osteoblasts form ________ _________

11. How does your bone grow?
Buds of connective tissue from ___________ invade cartilage model. Bring in osteogenic cells.
Then what happens?
Osteoblasts form bone as ______ _______ enlarges
Bone growth progresses towards ___________ medullary cavity enlarges

12. How does your bone grow?
Osteoblasts form bone in __________ __________ center, beginning of ___________

13. How does your bone grow?
When bone is mature epiphyseal plate is ossified and becomes epiphyseal ______

14. Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
Take 5!!!
During endochondral ossification, calcification of cartilage results in the death of chondrocytes. Later in the process, ossification of the bone matrix does not result in the death of osteocytes. Why is this so?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

15. Can bone display interstitial growth?
How does your bone grow?
Can bone display interstitial growth?
We’ve talked about bone growth in length… what about diameter?
Appositional _________ and _________

16. How does your bone grow?

17. How does your bone grow? Factors affecting bone growth:
_________ Proteins Vitamins D & C
_________ Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Sex hormones
Needed for _______ portion of _______
Needed for ___ ________ and _______ formation
___________ overall growth
Stimulates bone ________ and works with _____
Stimulates bone growth BUT also closure of __________ ______

18. What different types of bone injuries are there?
Fractures
Bones can succumb to stress… resulting in a fracture
Fractures categorized based on: 1) __________ _________ damage
Need a good picture
5pts. e.c.
_______
Open wound extends to fracture
No perforation of soft tissue
Closed… soft tissue damage

19. What different types of bone injuries are there?
Fractures
Fractures categorized based on: 2) ________ of bone damage
_________
> or = 2 fragments
NOT in 2 fragments

20. What different types of bone injuries are there?
Fractures
Fractures categorized based on: 3) _______ of bone damage
Ex. _________
_________
Others: Displaced and non-, depressed, epiphyseal, and avulsion

21. How do bones heal?
Bone repair in 5 steps or less…
1) __________ forms (blood confined in a space or organ)
Clot formation includes protein mesh of _______
Why?
2) __________ ____ forms
Clot is replaced by internal callus… Fibers, then cartilage, then bone

22. How do bones heal? 3) _______ ______ forms
Forms cartilage, then bone support
4) __________ ________ in external and internal calluses
5) ___________ of bone
Clean up dead bone, reshape medullary cavity and compact bone of external callus

23. How do bones heal? Fractures
Rate of healing is dependent in part on ______ _____ on the bone.
Which person will heal more quickly? Why?
Also on _______ activity. Sometimes electrical current applied to speed healing process.

24. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
Ca and P homeostasis
_________: needed for nerve cell action, muscle contraction, blood clotting and more
________: needed as a component of ATP, DNA and RNA
Why are these elements important?

25. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
Ca and P homeostasis regulated in part via 2 hormones:
______ (parathyroid hormone) comes from _________ _______
__________ minor role… secreted by ________ _______

26. How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?
PTH +PTH = blood Ca
via bone and kidney activities
Calcitonin minor role… +Calcitonin = blood Ca