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1 PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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2 Chapter 19 Respiratory System ventilation external respiration transport internal respiration cellular respiration Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. Consists of the following events:
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3 Organs of the Respiratory System
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5 Upper Respiratory Tract
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6 Mucous in Respiratory Tract Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity to the pharynx
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7 Sinuses Air-filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
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8 Pharynx
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9 Larynx
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10 Vocal Cords
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11 Trachea
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12 Tracheostomy Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx
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13 Bronchial Tree
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14 Alveoli
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15 Diffusion Across Respiratory Membrane
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16 Lungs
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17 Transverse Section of Lungs
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18 Breathing Mechanism Breathing or ventilation is the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli air movements of inspiration and expiration changes in the size of the thoracic cavity due to changes in pressure
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19 Inspiration Moving the plunger of a syringe causes air to move in or out Air movements in and out of the lungs occur in much the same way
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20 Lungs at Rest When lungs are at rest, the pressure on the inside of the lungs is equal to the pressure on the outside of the thorax
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21 Inspiration Intra-alveolar pressure decreases to about 758mm Hg as the thoracic cavity enlarges Atmospheric pressure forces air into the airways
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22 Inspiration Shape of thorax at end of normal inspiration Shape of thorax at end of maximal inspiration aided by contraction of sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor muscles
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23 Major Events in Inspiration
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24 Expiration due to elastic recoil of the lung tissues and abdominal organs
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25 Maximal Expiration contraction of abdominal wall muscles contraction of posterior internal intercostal muscles
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26 Major Events in Expiration
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27 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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28 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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29 Alveolar Ventilation minute ventilation tidal volume multiplied by breathing rate amount of air that is moved into the respiratory passageways alveolar ventilation rate major factor affecting concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli volume of air that reaches alveoli tidal volume minus physiologic dead space then multiplied by breathing rate
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30 Nonrespiratory Air Movements
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31 Respiratory Center
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32 Respiratory Center
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33 Factors Affecting Breathing Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
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34 Factors Affecting Breathing motor impulses travel from the respiratory center to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contraction of these muscles causes lungs to expand expansion stimulates stretch receptors in the lungs inhibitory impulses from receptors to respiratory center prevent overinflation of lungs
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35 Factors Affecting Breathing
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36 Alveoli gas exchanges between the air and blood occur within the alveoli alveolar pores allow air to pass from one alveolus to another
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37 Respiratory Membrane consists of the walls of the alveolus and the capillary
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38 Diffusion Through Respiratory Membrane Gases are exchanged between alveolar air and capillary blood because of differences in partial pressure
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39 Oxygen Transport Most oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen in the regions of body cells Much oxygen is still bound to hemoglobin in the venous blood
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40 Oxygen Release Amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases as partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases the blood pH decreases blood temperature increases
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41 Carbon Dioxide Transport dissolved in plasma combined with hemoglobin in the form of bicarbonate ions
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42 Chloride Shift bicarbonate ions diffuse out RBCs chloride ions from plasma diffuse into RBCs electrical balance is maintained
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43 Carbon Dioxide in Lungs
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44 Gases Transported in Blood
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45 Life-Span Changes reflect accumulation of environmental influences reflect the effects of aging in other organ systems cilia less active mucous thickens swallowing, gagging, and coughing reflexes slow macrophages in lungs lose efficiency increased susceptibility to respiratory infections “barrel chest” may develop bronchial walls thin and collapse dead space increases
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46 Clinical Application The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Respiratory System cilia disappear excess mucus produced lung congestion increases lung infections lining of bronchioles thicken bronchioles lose elasticity emphysema fifteen times more common lung cancer more common much damage repaired when smoking stops
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