1. Kenny Steimle, Alejandro Maldonado, Ornit Katzin, Olivia Schuster
Gonad Glands
Kenny Steimle, Alejandro Maldonado, Ornit Katzin, Olivia Schuster
Period 1

3. Hormones The 3 hormones associated with the gonad glands are:
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone

4. Testosterone
Testosterone is secreted in the testes and is necessary for proper physical development in boys.
Testosterone is involved in many of the processes in puberty.
Healthy development of male sex organs
Growth of facial and body hair
Lowering of the voice
Increase in height
Increase in muscle mass
Growth of the Adams apple
Through manhood it functions to maintain many processes.
Maintains sexual desire
Sperm production
Maintain strength and mass
Promoting healthy bone density

5. Estrogen
Produced in ovaries and, in lesser amounts, by the adrenal cortex, placenta, and male testes.
Role/Function:
Not known what it does in males
Growth and development of sexual characteristics and the reproductive process
If fertilization does occur, estrogen and progesterone work together to prevent additional ovulation during pregnancy
Estrogen by working with calcium, vitamin D, and other hormones and minerals helps prevent bone loss.
However once estrogen levels start to decline, bone breaks down faster than it builds.
Therefore after menopause, women lose about 20 percent of their bone mass.

6. Progesterone
Progesterone is a hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary
The corpus luteum is what is left of the follicle after a woman ovulates.
After a woman ovulates if the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum dies and progesterone production stops. When progesterone levels drop, the uterus lining stops thickening and sheds during a woman’s menstrual cycle
Role/Function: plays an important part in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy
Helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone causes the uterine lining to thicken and helps prepare a supportive environment in your uterus for a fertilized egg
During pregnancy the progesterone maintains a supportive environment

7. Hypogonadism Also known as “Gonad deficiency”
Also known as “Gonad deficiency”
In males it may be called low serum testosterone or
Andropause
Occurs when your sex glands produce little or no sex hormones (testosterone)
Two types of hypogonadism
Primary hypogonadism: not enough sex hormones due to problem in the gonads. Gonads receive message to produce hormones but are unable to produce them
Central Hypogonadism: problem lies in the brain. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (which control the gonads) are not working properly

8. Primary Hypogonadism Causes Central Hypogonadism Cause
autoimmune disorders, such as Addison’s disease and hypoparathyroidism
genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome
infection
liver and kidney diseases
radiation exposure
surgery on the sex organs
genetic disorders, such as Kallmann syndrome
infections, including HIV and AIDS
pituitary disorders
obesity
rapid weight loss
nutritional deficiencies
use of steroids or opiates
Etc.

9. Symptoms Loss of body hair Muscle loss Breast growth
Reduced growth of penis and testicles
Erectile dysfunction
Low sex drive
Etc.

10. Klinefelter Syndrome
Genetic condition that results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome
Instead of (XY) sex chromosomes men will have (XXY) in each cell
Results from a random error during the formation of the egg or sperm
Affects testicular growth
Can result in smaller than normal testicles
Can lead to lower production of testosterone
May cause reduced muscle mass, reduced body and facial hair, and enlarged breast tissue
Produce little or no sperm

11. Symptoms Symptoms vary by age Babies: Boys and Teenagers:
taller than average stature
longer legs, shorter torso and broader hips
absent, delayed or incomplete puberty
After puberty, less muscular bodies and less facial hair
Small, firm testicles
Small penis
Enlarged breast tissue
Weak bones
Low energy levels, etc.
Men:
Infertility
Small testicles and penis
Smaller than average stature
Weak bones
Decreased facial and body hair
Enlarged breast tissue
Decreased sex drive
Symptoms vary by age
Babies:
weak muscles
slow motor development
delay in speaking
quiet personality
problems at birth such as testicles that haven’t descended into the scrotum, etc.

13. drier
Fun Facts
When estrogen levels are low, as in menopause, the vagina can become drier and the vaginal walls thinner, making sex painful.

14. Concept Check Questions
Where is testosterone produced? Where is estrogen produced? Name 3 functions for each.
Testosterone is produced in the testes. Estrogen is produced in the ovaries. Testosterone: maintains sexual desire, sperm production, maintain strength and mass, promote healthy bone density. Estrogen: growth and development of sexual characteristics and the reproductive process, helps prevent bone loss, prevent additional ovulation during pregnancy.
What is the corpus luteum and how does it play a role in the production of progesterone?
The corpus luteum is what’s left of the follicle after a woman ovulates. If the egg becomes fertilized the production of progesterone increases to help protect the uterus and thicken the uterine lining.
What are the two types of hypogonadism and what are their main differences?
Primary and central hypogonadism. Primary hypogonadism is due to a problem in the gonads. The gonads receive the message to produce hormones but are unable to. In central hypogonaism the problem lies in the brain. The glands which control the gonads are not working properly so the message to produce hormones is not sent.

15. Bibliography
"Diseases and Conditions: Klinefelter syndrome." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar < >.
"Endocrine System." Chapter 7. Applied Anatomy and Physiology A Case Study Approach. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print.
"Estrogen." Healthy Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar <
"Hypogonadism." Healthline. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar <
"Progesterone." You and Your Hormones. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar <
"Progesterone and pregnancy: a vital connection." Resolve. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar < a-vital-connection.html>.
"What is the corpus luteum?" Just Mommies. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar <