1.  Internal & External Respiration  Events #2 & 4

2.  Used to determine the individual pressures of each gas in a mixture of gases  Based on % of total of 760 mmHg of total atmospheric pressure

3.  Gas exchanges that occur:  Between the blood and the alveoli AND  Between the blood and the tissue cells  Take place by simple diffusion  Depends on partial pressures of oxygen & carbon dioxide that exist on opposite sides of the exchange membrane (Dalton’s law of partial pressures)  Always flowing from high to low

4.  states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas above the surface of the solution (IOW: the higher the pressure of the gas, the more gas will be shoved into the liquid thus increasing solubility)

5.  Solubility (of a gas) and partial pressure have a direct relationship

6.  The solubility coefficient of the gas also affects this process – the higher the #, the more the gas “likes” to dissolve into a liquid (based on molecular structure, etc.)  Each gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to the ratio between its partial pressure gradient and its solubility coefficient  CO 2 =.57  O 2 =.024  N 2 =.012

7.  Solubility & temperature have an inverse relationship.  Increase in temperature causes increase in kinetic energy causes more molecular motion which allows molecules to break the intermolecular bonds and escape from solution  And vice versa

9.  Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities  Oxygen = has low solubility but steep partial pressure gradient (105 mmHg in alveoli – 40 mmHg in blood = 65 mmHg pressure gradient)  Carbon dioxide = has solubility ~20x greater than oxygen but partial pressure gradient is only 5 mmHg

10.  Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities  Due to the ratios of solubility coefficients and pressure gradients:  ~Equal amounts of gases are exchanged

11.  Thickness of respiratory membranes  0.5 to 1.0 micrometers  edematous (swollen) tissue can be caused by congestion and pneumonia - hinders diffusion leading to hypoxia oxygen deprivation

12.  Surface Area  50-70 square meters for gas exchange  Emphysema or cancer  Walls of alveoli break down  Less surface area for gas exchange

14.  The phrenic & intercostal nerves transmit impulses to the respiratory muscles  Irritation to phrenic nerve is responsible for hiccups (spasm of diaphragm muscle)  Neural centers are located in medulla & pons

15.  Eupnea = normal respiration rate  Approx 12-15 breaths per min  Hyperpnea = higher than normal rate  Apnea = No rate  Dyspnea = general term for abnormal rate  Physical factors, conscious control, emotional factors, and chemical factors all influence rate & depth of breathing.

16.  Deep & rapid respiration, too much CO 2 is vented out of the body so:  Not enough acid production  H 2 O + CO 2 = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid)  Respiratory alkalosis results  Treatment: trap the CO 2 and rebreathe it till breathing returns to normal

17.  Slow & shallow respiration with not adequate expiration so CO 2 is not vented out of the body  Production of excess acid  H 2 O + CO 2 = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid)  Respiratory acidosis results  Usually caused by disease process:  COPD  Asthma  Obesity  Trauma  Pneumonia

19.  Symptoms: inflammation of mucosa – chronic mucus production

20.  Normal  Bronchitis

21.  Breathing is very labored due to lack of alveolar recoil  End stage: Alveolar walls collapse = loss of surface area so less gas diffusion  Membranes thicken so decrease in diffusion eventually

23.  Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis have:  Smoking history  Dyspnea = air hunger due to dysfunctional breathing  Coughing & pulmonary infections  Will develop respiratory failure, hypoxia, acidosis

24.  Basic Info  1/3 of all cancer deaths are due to lung cancers  90% have a smoking history  Metastasizes VERY rapidly due to vascularity of lungs

26.  Begins in larger bronchi & bronchioles  Forms masses that have bleeding cavities within them

27.  Nodules that develop in peripheral areas of lung  Develop from alveolar cells & bronchial glands

28.  Originate in primary bronchi  Grow into small grape like clusters in mediastinum  Very aggressive cancer

29.  Resection of diseased portion of lung (thoracotomy)  Radiation therapy  Chemotherapy

31. Genetic disorder – recessive Causes oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs respiratory passages Impairs food digestion by clogging ducts that secrete enzymes Multiple other organs are affected

34. Sudden, unexplained death of an infant less than 1 year old Possibly caused by brain abnormalities that control respiration, heart rate, or consciousness Environmental factors to reduce risks – sleep on back not on stomach, firm crib with no blankets or stuffed animals or pillows Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Risk factors - MayoClinic.com Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Risk factors - MayoClinic.com

35. Chronically inflamed hypersensitive bronchial passageways Bronchoconstriction of passageways in response to allergen, temperature changes, & exercise Can be managed with medication

37.  Hyperbaric oxygen chambers – designed to force greater amounts of oxygen into patient’s blood  Treats tissues affected by poor circulation

39.  Patient breathes in regular air while body is under pressure  Increased pressure means increased solubility of gases (incl oxygen)  More oxygen in blood benefits treatment of certain conditions

40.  Tetanus  Gangrene  Migraines  Slow healing wounds  Burns/skin grafts  Stroke  Autism  Traumatic Brain Injury  Decompression Sickness  Cerebral Palsy  Multiple Sclerosis  Fibromyalgia  Many other conditions

41.  The Physics of Diving - Scuba Gas Laws The Physics of Diving - Scuba Gas Laws As you go down in depth, the water puts pressure on your body Increased pressure = increased solubility of inhaled gases into the blood

42. As you come up at the correct rate, the pressure decreases slowly So the solubility decreases slowly So the gases come out of the blood And you can exhale them

43. If you come up too rapidly, the pressure decreases rapidly So the solubility decreases rapidly So the gases come out of the blood too fast to exhale them properly The excess gas bubbles can collect in joint spaces, arteries, tissues, etc. causing coronary, pulmonary, or brain embolisms

44.  Auditory or eustachian tubes provide an avenue for equalizing middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure via the flow of gases  Air will either move in or out of your ears to cause this equalization  This is the cause of your ears “popping”

46.  Notice swollen vocal cords and mucus accumulation

47.  Read through the Developmental Aspects section of your notes