1. Reproductive Systems Female
Ovaries – produce eggs (ova) and secrete estrogen and progesterone
Oogenesis begins in embryonic development
Primary oocyte – Meiosis I (prophase)
Puberty – begin releasing primary oocyte (now progessed through Meiosis I)
During meiosis I, cytoplasm is divided unequally, one cell is polar body (very little cytoplasm)
Other cell is secondary oocyte, will complete meiosis II during fertilization in fallopian tube.

3. Round ligament of uterus
Suspensory
ligament of ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Ovarian
blood
vessels
Fundus
of uterus
Lumen (cavity)
of uterus
Ovary
Broad
ligament
Infundibulum
Uterine
tube
Fimbriae
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament of uterus
Body of
uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Wall of
uterus
Perimetrium
Ureter
Uterine blood
vessels
Cervical canal
Uterosacral
ligament
Vagina
Cervix
(b)
Figure 16.8b

4. Menstrual Cycle Phase 1 Follicular phase (10 days)
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH
FSH – follicle stimulating hormone
LH – luteinizing hormone
Follicle grows – releases estrogen which causes uterine lining to thicken-endometrium
Estrogen also causes ant. Pit. To release LH
The luteal surge causes ovulation

5. Growing follicles Primary follicle Degenerating corpus luteum Blood
vessels
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Mature vesicular
(Graafian) follicle
Germinal
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Developing
corpus luteum
Ruptured
follicle
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte
Figure 16.7

6. Ovulation – release of the egg from the ovary ends the follicular phase.
Ova floats into fallopian tube (oviduct)

7. Phase 2
Luteal phase
Follicle has released the egg and changes into the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and now begins to produce progesterone
Progesterone increases vessels and glands in uterus
After about days, if fertilization and implantation have NOT occurred the corpus luteum shuts down

8. Phase 3
Menstruation
Uterus reabsorbs some of the tissue created in the endometrium
The rest sheds off and is passed out of the body

10. Pregnancy
If pregnancy occurs, the fetus releases HGC human chorionic gonadotropin
This maintains the uterine lining

11. Male Reproductive system
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle
Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of
ductus deferens
Pubis
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
of the penis
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland
Spongy urethra
Shaft of the penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Prepuce
(a)
Scrotum
External urethral
orifice
Figure 16.2a

12. Male reproductive organs
Sperm undergo meiosis I and II in the seminiferous tubules (primary to secondary spermatocyte)
Mature in the epididymis (secondary spermatocyte becomes spermatazoa)
Seminal vesicles produce fructose fluid for energy
Prostate secretes alkaline substance to neutralize vaginal fluids
FSH – stimulates sperm production
LH – stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

13. Development Morphogenesis – organization of human structure
When an egg is fertilized it becomes the zygote
Cleavage – rapid cell division
Solid ball of cells – morula
Next stage is the blastula – cells divide and press close to each other leaving a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel
Cells migrate into the blastocoel forming the gastrula
Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm form

14. Indeterminate and Determinate Cleavage
Indeterminate – if daughter cells are separated, they can individually complete normal development.
Determinate cells cannot

16. Egg Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic material is unequally distributed in the egg, cytoplasmic material will vary in daughter cells
This results in embryonic axes
Gray crescent in frog eggs – region essential in frog development
Morphogens – proteins with asymmetrical distribution in oocyte – determines dorsal/ventral side, anterior/posterior regions of the cell, also act as transcription factors

17. Grey Crescent

18. Embryonic Induction
Organizers are cells that exert influence over other cells during development through cell-cell communication. Regulates the expression of certain genes
Dorsal lip of the blastopore in a newt is an organizer – produces a notochord
In a roundworm, the anchor cell secretes an inducer molecule that binds to pm of neighboring cells, activate trans. Factors, they bind to promoter on DNA, signal the synthesis of a protein that stimulates the differentiation into a vulva cell.

19. Apoptosis Programmed cell death
External signal initiates a signal trans. Pathway, activating cell death genes (Ced genes in C. elegans), destroys 131 different cells.
Humans have webbing during development. Activation of apoptosis of certain cells, cause fingers and toes to separate.

20. Control of Gene expression
Methylation of histones in chromatin, prevents expression
microRNAs – small segments of RNA that influence expression by blocking mRNA translation
Homeotic genes – master genes that specify development. Contain homeobox, Hox genes
Hox genes code for transcription factors, dictate the spatial organization of fruit flys

21. Hox genes

22. Extra-embryonic membranes
Yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion

23. Embryo