1. Cardiovascular System
Heart and Blood Vessels

2. Functions Pump Blood transport system around body
Carries O2 and nutrients to cells, carries away waste products
Lymphatic system – returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation

3. Structures Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries
Blood and lymph are part of cardiovascular system

4. Heart Hollow muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 10-13 oz
Location – thoracic cavity
APEX – conical tip, lies on diaphragm, points left

5. Heart: Structure
PERICARDIUM – double layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart
MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscle tissue
ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart

6. Heart Chambers SEPTUM divides into R and L halves
Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM
Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE

7. Heart Valves Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction:
TRICUSPID VALVE – between right atrium and right ventricle
BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE – between left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar valves -located where blood leaves the heart
PULMONARY VALVE
AORTIC VALVE

8. Coronary Arteries
Provide blood supply to the heart muscle

9. Heart Contractions SYSTOLE = contraction phase
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase

10. Control of Heart Contractions
SA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER
Located in right atrium
SA node sends out electrical impulse
Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract
Travels to AV Node
AV (atrioventricular) NODE
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle
Carries impulse to bundle of His
BUNDLE OF HIS
Conducting fibers in septum
Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles (Purkinje fibers)
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

11. Conduction System
Conduction system sets the basic rhythm of the beating heart by generating impulses which stimulate the heart to contract

12. Major Structures
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2
Pulmonary vein – brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

13. Arteries vs Veins ARTERIES
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Elastic, muscular and thick-walled
Transport blood under very high pressure
VEINS
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries
Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood
VALVES – permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart

14. Capillaries Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels, can only be seen with a microscope
Connect arterioles with venules
Walls are one-cell thick– allow for selective permeability of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and wastes

15. Aorta Largest artery in the body First branch is coronary artery
Aortic arch
Many arteries branch off the descending aorta

16. Vena Cava Largest vein in the body Superior and Inferior portions
Subclavian veins
Jugular veins – located in the neck
Femoral veins

17. Blood Vessels

18. Major Circuits
PULMONARY CIRCULATION – heart and lungs (R side of heart)
Molecular exchange occurs between blood vessels and alveoli
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION – from the heart to the tissues and cells, then back to the heart (L side of heart)
Molecular exchange occurs between capillaries and cells

19. Heart Physiology Right Heart
Deoxygenated blood flows into heart from vena cava  right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary valve  pulmonary artery  lungs (for oxygen)
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Left Heart
Oxygenated blood flows from lungs via pulmonary veins  left atrium  mitral valve  left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta  general circulation (to deliver oxygen)

20. Blood Composition: Plasma and Blood Cells
straw colored liquid
about 55% of total blood
volume
Components of plasma
Water; about 92%
Plasma proteins
Nutrients (glucose, cholesterol)
Electrolytes (potassium)
Hormones (melatonin)
Metabolic waste products

21. Blood Cells Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets)
Contain hemoglobin which carries both O2 and CO2
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Cell fragments
Lack nuclei
Live about 5-9 days
Important for clotting

22. Blood Cells: Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Fight infection
Neutrophils: phagocyte bacteria
Eosinophils: remove toxins and produce antihistamines in an allergic reaction
Basophils: inflammatory function
Monocytes: phagocyte bacteria
Lymphocytes: provide immunity by developing antibodies

23. Diseases of the Heart CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
Ventricles unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart
Edema in lower extremities
Blood backs up into lungs
Tx – drugs to strengthen heart beat (digoxin) and diuretics to reduce fluid

24. Diseases of the Heart: Myocardial Infarction
Blockage in coronary arteries cuts off blood supply to heart muscle causing that area of tissue to die
Causes - Smoking, obesity, stressful life style, hypertension, family history, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, aging
Symptoms - Severe crushing pain that radiates to neck, jaw, and left arm; dyspnea; cold, clammy skin; pressure or heaviness in chest; nausea; change in blood pressure
Tx – “Clot-busting” drugs if in process of having MI; bedrest; pain medications; oxygen; anticoagulants;

25. Myocardial Infarction

26. Disorders of the Heart
ARRHYTHMIA (or dysrrhythmia) – any change from normal heart rate or rhythm
Treatment: defibrillation or pacemaker

27. Pacemaker

28. Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
The electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is used extensively in the diagnosis of heart disease, from congenital heart disease in infants to myocardial infarction and myocarditis in adults. Several different types of electrocardiogram exist.

29. Disorders of the Vessels
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – arterial walls thicken, lose elasticity; “hardening of the arteries”
ATHEROSCLEROSIS – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries
ANEURYSM – ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening
PHLEBITIS – inflammation of lining of vein, accompanied by clotting of blood – symptoms are edema, pain and redness
EMBOLUS – traveling blood clot
VARICOSE VEINS – swollen, distended veins – heredity or due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancy

30. Angioplasty
The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the left coronary artery supplies the left heart.

31. Angioplasty

32. Diagnostic Tests: Cardiac Catheterization
Patient is awake and pain-free (local anesthesia), a catheter is inserted into an artery at the top of the leg (the femoral artery)

33. Cardiac Catheterization
A catheter is advanced over a guidewire, into the blood vessel. This catheter is then guided to the aorta and the guidewire is removed. Once the catheter is placed in the opening of the coronary arteries, the doctor injects dye and takes a series of X-rays.

34. Angioplasty
A guidewire is advanced across the blocked section of the coronary artery and a balloon -tipped tube is positioned so the balloon part of the tube is beside the blockage. The balloon is then inflated for a few seconds to compress the blockage against the artery wall. Then the balloon is deflated.

35. Angioplasty
A device called a stent may be placed. A stent is a latticed, metal scaffold that is placed within the coronary artery to keep the vessel open.

36. Cardiac catheterization
Once the catheter has been positioned at the coronary artery origin, contrast media is injected and a series of X-rays (film) are taken to check for any change in the arteries. Following this, the catheter is removed and the procedure is completed.

37. Disorders of the Blood Anemia: Sickle Cell Anemia
Inadequate number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both
Symptoms: pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Chronic, inherited
Erythrocytes are abnormally crescent shaped, carry less O2, break easily, and block blood vessels

38. Disorders of the Blood
Hemophilia: inherited disease, seen almost exclusively in males
Blood unable to clot due to a lack of plasma protein
Leukemia: malignant disease of the bone marrow or lymph tissue
High number of immature white blood cells
Symptoms: fever, pallor, swollen lymph glands, fatigue, anemia
Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant

39. Diagnostic Test: CBC
A complete blood count is a test done on the blood to monitor or detect many different diseases or disorders.