1. Tertullian of Carthage (160-225) Brought up as a pagan, studied law Father of church Latin Wrote numerous polemical, doctrinal and pastoral treatises Left the church and joined the Montanist sect towards the end of his life

2. Tertullian: I believe because it is absurd “The Son of God was crucified; I am not ashamed just because men feel ashamed of it. And the Son of God died; it is by all means to be believed, because it is absurd. And He was buried, and rose again; the fact is certain, because it is impossible.” On the Flesh of Christ 5.

3. Cyprian of Carthage (200-258) Prominent lawyer & teacher of rhetoric Converted to Christianity ca. 246 Became a bishop in 248 Issue of the lapsed: –Novatian: no reconciliation with the Church –Cornelius/ Cyprian: reconciliation after a suitable period of probation

4. Schismatic Baptism Tertullian, and African synod of 220 held that the baptism in schismatic groups is not valid Cyprian and two councils of Carthage of 255 and 256 upheld this view Pope Stephen strongly objected Both Stephen and Cyprian died before the resolution of the controversy

5. Third century views: Outside the Church there is no salvation." (Salus extra ecclesiam non est)" (Cyprian of Carthage, Epistle 73, To Iubaianus, Outside the Church nobody will be saved. (Extra ecclesiam nemo salvatur)" (Origen, In Jesu Nave hom. 3,5)

6. "Whoever wishes to be saved, needs above all to hold the Catholic faith; unless each one preserves this whole and entire, he will without a doubt perish in eternity... This is the Catholic faith. Unless everyone believes this faithfully and firmly, he cannot be saved." –Athanasian Creed (ca. 400). "One indeed is the universal Church of the faithful, outside which no one at all is saved..." Lateran IV (1215).

7. Unitatis Redintegratio 3 (1964). For it is only through Christ's Catholic Church, which is "the all-embracing means of salvation," that they can benefit fully from the means of salvation. We believe that Our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, in order to establish the one Body of Christ on earth to which all should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the people of God.

8. Map 2 nd c.

9. Characteristics of the Church One Holy Catholic Apostolic

10. Five Patriarchates Jerusalem Antioch Rome Alexandria Constantinople