1. Good and Evil For Plato, the good is transcendent. The hedonist tradition identifies good with pleasure and happiness, and evil with pain and suffering. For many, evil is a profound mystery.

2. Good and Evil Why Is There Evil? —Fyodor Dostoevsky The three propositions in the traditional formulation of the problem of evil: 1.God is all-powerful. 2.God is perfectly good. 3.Evil exists. How can these be reconciled?

3. Good and Evil Why Is There Evil? —Fyodor Dostoevsky The central question raised by Ivan Karamazov is: How could a good God permit evil?

4. Good and Evil Sophie’s Choice —William Styron A classic moral dilemma: Either actively condemn one of your children to death, or by refusing to choose have both killed. What should Sophie have done?

5. Good and Evil From Cruelty to Goodness —Philip Hallie  Institutionalized cruelty is the worst kind.  Cruelty can be defeated.  Kindness could be the ultimate cruelty.

6. Good and Evil Wickedness —Stanley Benn  Pathological wickedness occurs when a person makes evil his or her highest value.  A crude chauvinist or jingoist can be considered a wicked person.  Evil is any object, property, or happening about which it is both intelligible and correct to say that it would be a better state of affairs if those things did not exist or occur.

7. Good and Evil Beyond Good and Evil—Friedrich Nietzsche  Anything that enhances the Will to Power is good.  Christian morality is a slave morality.  The first principle of our humanism is that the weak and the failures shall perish.

8. Good and Evil On the Origin of Good and Evil —Richard Taylor  If we had no desires, good and evil would not exist.  The rules and practices that either promote cooperation toward meeting our desires or resolve interpersonal conflict are right rules and practices.