1. Exercise 4
EFFECTS OF CONTROLS 1
CFS Gliding Examiners
© 2008

2. To select the datum attitude using co-ordinated controls
AIM
To select the datum attitude using co-ordinated controls

3. AIRMANSHIP Lookout Handing over and taking over control
Following through and relaxing

4. LOOKOUT
Lookout
If you see an aircraft before your instructor does, use the Clock Code to tell him where it is…

5. LOOKOUT
The Clock Code
Imagine you are at the centre of the dial and 12 o’clock is straight ahead

6. “Aircraft left 11 o'clock high”

7. “Aircraft right one o'clock level”

8. TAKING OVER CONTROL
If your instructor wishes to give you control, he will say:
“You have control”
Put your hands and feet lightly on the controls and say:
What do you do?
“I have control, sir”

9. HAND TAK ING OVER CONTROL
If your instructor wishes to take over control, he will say:
“I have control”
Take your hands and feet off the controls and say:
What do you do?
“You have control, sir”

10. FOLLOWING THROUGH
If your instructor wants you to follow through, he will say:
“Follow me through”
Put your hands and feet lightly on the controls and say:
What do you do?
“Following through, sir”

11. RELAXING If your instructor wants you to relax, he will say: “Relax”
Take your hands and feet off the controls and say:
What do you do?
“Relaxed, sir”

12. THE DATUM ATTITUDE
THE DATUM ATTITUDE

13. Note distance below horizon
THE DATUM ATTITUDE
Note distance below horizon

14. Instrument panel is parallel to horizon
THE DATUM ATTITUDE
Instrument panel is parallel to horizon

15. Here are some more attitudes you will see…
THE DATUM ATTITUDE
Here are some more attitudes you will see…
Airspeed is stable

16. THE BANKED ATTITUDE

17. THE APPROACH ATTITUDE
THE BANKED ATTITUDE

18. STABILITY
STABILITY
The aircraft is stable and will maintain the attitude with no control input needed

19. AIRCRAFT AXES
AIRCRAFT AXES
Lateral axis

20. The aircraft PITCHES about the lateral axis
AIRCRAFT AXES
Lateral axis
The aircraft PITCHES about the lateral axis

21. AIRCRAFT AXES
Longitudinal axis

22. The aircraft ROLLS about the longitudinal axis
AIRCRAFT AXES
Longitudinal axis
The aircraft ROLLS about the longitudinal axis

23. AIRCRAFT AXES
Vertical axis

24. The aircraft YAWS about the vertical axis
AIRCRAFT AXES
The aircraft YAWS about the vertical axis
Vertical axis

25. PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS
ELEVATORS

26. ELEVATORS
ELEVATORS

27. ELEVATORS When you move the control column forward…
…the elevators move down

28. ELEVATORS
The aircraft starts to pitch nose down…

29. ELEVATORS
…and continues to pitch until the control column is returned to the neutral position

30. ELEVATORS
Likewise, if you move the control column back…
…the elevators move up…
…and the aircraft pitches nose up until you return the control column to the neutral position

31. PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS
AILERONS

32. AILERONS
AILERONS

33. AILERONS When you move the control column to the right…
…the left aileron moves down and the right aileron moves up

34. AILERONS The aircraft starts to roll to the right…
…and continues to roll until the control column is returned to the neutral position

35. AILERONS
Likewise, if you move the control column to the left…
…the left aileron moves up and the right aileron moves down …
…and the aircraft rolls to the left until you return the control column to the neutral position

36. PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS
RUDDER

37. RUDDER
RUDDER

38. RUDDER When you push the right rudder pedal forwards…
…the rudder moves to the right…

39. RUDDER
…and the aircraft yaws to the right

40. RUDDER As the aircraft yaws right,
the slip ball moves left to indicate unbalanced flight

41. RUDDER To restore balanced flight,
push the left pedal forwards until the slip ball is central

42. If the ball is outside the ‘goalposts’…
…push the appropriate pedal forwards (right pedal if the ball is out to the right)…
…until the ball is back in the centre
In balanced flight, note that the rudder pedals are not necessarily centred

43. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

44. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE
An aircraft always manoeuvres about its axes…
Vertical axis
If the aircraft is banked, so are its axes
Lateral axis

45. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE
So in a level attitude, this is pitch…

46. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE
So in a level attitude, this is pitch…
…and this is yaw

47. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE
But in a banked attitude, this is pitch…

48. EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE
In a banked attitude, this is pitch…
…and this is yaw

49. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
The rate at which the aircraft responds depends on how much you deflect the controls

50. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
So if you deflect the ailerons a small amount…

51. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
…the aircraft rolls slowly

52. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
And if you deflect the ailerons a large amount…

53. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
…the aircraft rolls quickly

54. PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE
The same applies to the elevator and rudder:
Remember, the rate at which the aircraft responds depends on how much you deflect the controls, not on how quickly you deflect them

55. The rate at which the aircraft responds also depends on the airspeed
EFFECT OF SPEED
EFFECT OF SPEED
The rate at which the aircraft responds also depends on the airspeed

56. sloppy sluggish EFFECT OF SPEED For the same control deflection:
At low speed, controls feel and response is
sloppy
sluggish
At high speed, controls feel and response is
firm
crisp

57. ADVERSE YAW
ADVERSE YAW

58. ADVERSE YAW When you deflect the ailerons…
…lift on this wing increases…
…and lift on this wing reduces

59. ADVERSE YAW
…causing the aircraft to roll

60. …so the aircraft also yaws
ADVERSE YAW
However, more lift means more drag…
…so the aircraft also yaws

61. ADVERSE YAW
Because the aircraft yaws left when you want to roll right, it is called ADVERSE YAW…
…and can be prevented by applying rudder in the same direction as aileron

62. CO-ORDINATED CONTROLS
ADVERSE YAW
So whenever you want to roll, you must apply rudder at the same time as you apply the ailerons…
…in the same direction…
…and by just the right amount to prevent adverse yaw
This is called
CO-ORDINATED CONTROLS

63. SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE
To select the datum attitude…
SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE

64. SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE
To select the datum attitude…
…first roll wings level using co-ordinated controls

65. SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE
To select the datum attitude…
…first roll wings level using co-ordinated controls
then pitch to the datum attitude using elevator

66. ?
THE END
Any Questions

67. Crown Copyright 2008
No Part of this presentation may be reproduced without the permission of the issuing authority.
The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the MOD. C