1. PHYSICS 231 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I Lecture 22

2. Simple Pendulum Traveling Waves Longitudinal, Transverse Sinusoidal wave Speed, frequency, wavelength Last Lecture

3. Speed of a Wave in a Vibrating String T is tension. Pitch = frequency:

4. Example 13.9 A string is tied tightly between points A and B as a communication device. If one wants to double the wave speed, one could: a) Double the tension b) Quadruple the tension c) Use a string with half the mass d) Use a string with double the mass e) Use a string with quadruple the mass

5. Superposition Principle Traveling waves can pass through each other without being altered.

6. Reflection – Fixed End Reflected wave is inverted

7. Reflection – Free End Reflected pulse not inverted

8. Chapter 14 Sound

9. Sound Waves Sound is longitudinal pressure (compression) waves Range of hearing: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz FREQUENCY DEMO

10. Speed of Sound Liquids and Gases: B is bulk modulus,  is mass/volume Solids: Y is Young’s modulus 331 m/s is v at 0° C; T is the absolute temperature.

11. Example 14.1 John Brown hits a steel railroad rail with a hammer. Betsy Brown, standing one mile down the track, hears the bang through the cool 32  F air while her twin sister Boopsie is lying next to her and hears the bang through the steel by placing her ear on the track. DATA: Y steel =2.0x10 11 Pa,  steel =7850 kg/m 3 What is the time difference between the moments when Betsy and Boopsie hear the bang? 4.54 s

12. Intensity of Sound Waves SI units are W/m 2 Power Area Intensity is proportional to square of amplitude (pressure modulation)

13. Intensity Range for Human Hearing Threshold of Hearing 10 -12 W/m 2  P ~ 10 -10 atm ! Threshold of Pain 1.0 W/m 2

14. Decibel Scale Sensation is logarithmic I 0 is threshold of hearing (0 dB) Threshold of Pain is therefore 120 dB

15. Intensity vs. Intensity Level INTENSITY is P/A, W/m 2 INTENSITY LEVEL is in decibels (dimensionless)

16. Sound Level Demo

17. Example 14.2 A noisy machine in a factory produces a sound with a level of 80 dB. How many machines can the factory house without exceeding the 100-dB limit? a) 12.5 machines b) 20 machines c) 100 machines

18. Spherical Waves Energy propagates equally in all directions 

19. Example 14.3 (skip) A train sounds its horn as it approaches an intersection. The horn can just be heard at a level of 50 dB by an observer 10 km away. Treating the horn as a point source and neglect any absorption of sound by the air or ground, a) What is the average power generated by the horn? b) What intensity level of the horn’s sound is observed by someone waiting at an intersection 50 m from the train? a) 126 W b) 96 dB

20. Example 14.4 Bozo Bob buys a 20-W train whistle and figures out that he won’t have any trouble standing 2 meters from the whistle since his stereo speakers are rated at 100 W and he has little trouble with the speakers turned all the way up. What is the intensity level of the whistle? 116 dB

21. Doppler Effect A change in the frequency experienced by an observer due to motion of either the observer or the source. DOPPLER DEMO

22. Doppler Effect, Moving Observer When not moving, When moving,

23. If observer moves away:

24. Example 14.5 Mary is riding a roller coaster. Her mother who is standing on the ground behind her yells out to her at a frequency of 1000 Hz, but it sounds like 920 Hz. (v=343 m/s) What is Mary’s speed? 27.4 m/s

25. Doppler Effect Source in Motion applet

26. Doppler Effect Source in Motion

27. Doppler Effect, Source in Motion Approaching source: Source leaving:

28. Example 14.6 An train has a brass band playing a song on a flatcar. As the train approaches the station at 21.4 m/s, a person on the platform hears a trumpet play a note at 3520 Hz. DATA: v sound = 343 m/s a) What is the true frequency of the trumpet? b) What is the wavelength of the sound? c) If the trumpet plays the same note after passing the platform, what frequency would the person on the platform hear? a) 3300 Hz b) 9.74 cm c) 3106 Hz

29. Shock Waves (Sonic Booms) When the source velocity approaches the speed of sound,

30. Application: speed radar

31. Application: weather radar Both humidity (reflected intensity) and speed of clouds (doppler effect) are measured.

32. Doppler Effect: Both Observer and Source Moving Switch appropriate signs if observer or source moves away

33. Example 14.7 At rest, a car’s horn sounds the note A (440 Hz). The horn is sounded while the car moves down the street. A bicyclist moving in the same direction at 10 m/s hears a frequency of 415 Hz. DATA: v sound = 343 m/s. What is the speed of the car? (Assume the cyclist is behind the car) 31.3 m/s

34. Example 14.8a A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz, as measured when both the train and observer are stationary. For a train moving in the positive x direction, which observer hears the highest frequency when the train is at position x=0? Observer A has velocity V A >0 and has position X A >0. Observer B has velocity V B >0 and has position X B <0. Observer C has velocity V C 0. Observer D has velocity V D <0 and has position X D <0.

35. Example 14.8b A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz, as measured when both the train and observer are stationary. A train is moving in the positive x direction. When the train is at position x=0, An observer with V>0 and position X>0 hears a frequency: a)> 1000 Hz b)< 1000 Hz c)Can not be determined

36. Example 14.8c A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz, as measured when both the train and observer are stationary. A train is moving in the positive x direction. When the train is at position x=0, An observer with V>0 and position X<0 hears a frequency: a)> 1000 Hz b)< 1000 Hz c)Can not be determined

37. Example 14.8d A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz, as measured when both the train and observer are stationary. A train is moving in the positive x direction. When the train is at position x=0, An observer with V<0 and position X<0 hears a frequency: a)> 1000 Hz b)< 1000 Hz c)Can not be determined