1. Chapter 2: PERFORMING MEDIA  Voices/Singing Ten important points 1. There is a much wider range of pitch and volume than is used in speaking 2. Vowel sounds are held longer 3. It demands a greater supply and control of breath 4. Air is controlled by the lower abdominal muscles and diaphram

2. VOICES/SINGING 5. Vocal cords vibrate by using the lungs, throat, mouth and nose 6. Pitch varies with the tension of vocal cords 7. Range depends on training and physical makeup 8. Women: soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto 9. Men: tenor, baritone, bass 10. Until the late 17 th century, most Western music was vocal, without instrumentation

3. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS  4-5 Main Categories 1. String 2. Woodwind 3. Brass 4. Percussion 5. Electronic

4.  Orchestra Instrumentation: Usually contains strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion; sometimes piano or harpsichord

5.  Band Instrumentation: Usually includes brass, woodwind, and percussion

6. STRING INSTRUMENTS  Violin, viola, cello, double bass  All played with a bow

7.  Pizzicato – plucking the string  Double stop – two notes at once  Vibrato – vibrate the left had while it is on the string  Tremolo – rapidly bowing up and down creating a shimmering effect  The harp and the guitar are both string instruments that are always plucked or strummed

8. WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS  Produce vibrations of air within a tube that is traditionally made of wood  Holes along their length are opened and closed by fingers or pads Player changes the pitch by opening/closing holes, changing the length of the tube Pg. 15

9.  Flute family – flute, piccolo

10.  Clarinet  Oboe  Bassoon  Saxophone

11. BRASS INSTRUMENTS  Vibrations come from the musician’s lips as he or she blows into a funnel-shaped mouthpiece  Vibrations are amplified and colored in a tube that is coiled with a flared end

12.  Trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba, euphonium  Pitch is regulated 2 ways: Varying lip tension Using slides and/or valves to change the length of the tube

13. PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS  Sound by being struck  Some with definite pitch: timpani, glockenspiel, xylophone, celesta, chimes

14.  Some with indefinite pitch: snare drum, bass drum, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, gong

15.  Keyboard instruments: Piano – felt-covered hammer swings up against a string, most versatile instrument Harpsichord – strings that are plucked by a set of plectra

16. QUESTION  In which family does a pipe organ fit? Keys control valves from which air is blown across or through openings in the pipes

17. ELECTRONIC MUSIC  Tape studio  Synthesizers  Computers

18. Listening for Instruments  Turn in books to page 34: The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra  Benjamin Britten Stars and Stripes Forever  John Philip Sousa

19.  Homework Worksheet on Chapters 1 & 2 due TOMORROW.