1. Grammar Book 3
Wilfredo Summers

2. Tabla de contenidos Preterite vs Imperfect
Por and para
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
Commands
El Modo Subjunctivo
Verbs of will and influence
Verbs of emotion
Doubt, disbelief and denial
Conjunctions
Subjunctive in adjective clauses
Tu commands
Nosotros commands
Past participles used as adjectives
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future tense
Conditional tense
Past subjenctuve

3. Preterite vs Imperfect
Definite
Indefinite
hablar
comer
vivir
hablé
comí
viví
hablaste
comiste
viviste
habló
comió
vivió
hablamos
comimos
vivimos
hablasteis
comisteis
vivisteis
hablaron
comieron
vivieron
hablar
comer
vivir
hablaba
comía
vivía
hablabas
comías
vivías
hablábamos
comíamos
vivíamos
hablabais
comíais
vivíais
hablaban
comían
vivían

4. Por and Para Por Motion or a general location Duration of an action
Object of a search
Means by which something is done
Exchange or substitution
Unit of measure
Para
Destination
Deadline or a specific time in the future
Purpose or goal + infinitive
Purpose + infinitive
The recipient of something
Comparison or opinions
Employment

5. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Short Form
Mi(s)
Nuestro(a/os/aas)
Tu(s)
Vuestro(a/os/as)
Su(s)
Long Form Singular
Mio(a)
Nuestro(a)
Tuyo(a)
Vuestro(a)
Suyo(a)
Long Form Plural
Mios(as)
Nuestros(as)
Tuyos(as)
Vuestros(as)
Suyos(as)
To form a possessive pronoun:
Use the long form of the possessive adjective.
Add el, la, los, las based on the gender and number of the noun.
Attach the pronouns to a reflexive when using a reflexive in the infinitive form

6. Commands Tu Ud./Uds. DOP + IOP + “se” Affirmative Simply drop the s
Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
Put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel
Can attach to an affirmative
Negative
Put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’
Irregulars-TV DISHES
Same as above
Must go before the negative command

7. El Modo Subjunctivo
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
dar - to give
dé des dé demos deis den
estar - to be
esté estés esté estemos estéis estén
haber - to have (auxiliary verb)
haya hayas haya hayamos hayáis hayan
ir - to go
vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayan
saber - to know
sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepan
ser - to be
sea seas sea seamos seáis sean

8. Verbs of will and influnce
Verbs of will and influence
Aconsejar- to advise
Importar- to be important: to matter
Insistir (en)- to insist (on)
Mandar- to order
Prohibir- to prohibit
Recomendar (e>ie)- to recommend
Rogar (o>ue)- to beg, to plead
Sugerir (e>ie)- to suggest

9. I hope (that); I wish (that)
Verbs of Emotion
Alegrarse (de)
To be happy
Esperar
To hope, to wish
Sentir (e-ie)
To be sorry, to regret
Sorprender
To surprise
Temer
To be afraid; to fear
Es triste
It’s sad
Ojála (que)
I hope (that); I wish (that)

10. Doubt, disbelief and denial
Dudar
To doubt
Negar (e-ie)
To deny
Es imposible
It’s impossible
Es improbable
It’s improbable
No es cierto
It’s not true/certain
No es seguro
It’s not certain
No es verdad
It’s not true

11. Conjunctions A menos que Antes (de) que Con tal (de) que
Unless
Antes (de) que
Before
Con tal (de) que
Provided that
En caso (de) que
In case (that)
Para que
So that
Sin que
without

12. Subjunctive in adjective clauses
The subjunctive can be used in adjective clauses to indicate that the existence of someone or something is uncertain or indefinite.
The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite.
The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place , thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite.

13. Tu commands Tu Simply drop the s Affirmative
Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
Negative
Put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’
Irregulars-TV DISHES

14. Nosotros Commands Put in first person form
Add amos/emos and change the vowel
If IOP or DOP, add them on the end if affirmative and before the verb for negative; add accent
If reflexive, add nos or se at the end and take away the s on amos/emos Ex. Comámonos; add accent
Also called monkey verbs

15. Past participles used as adjectives
Ar-ado
Ir/Er-ido
Use this when writing an english adjective endind in –ed
His car is washed.
Su coche está lavado.

16. Present Perfect He Has Ha Hemos Han
Use when writing someone has done something.
The second verb looks like a past participle
He has ran.
El ha corrido.

17. Past Perfect había habías había habíamos habíais habían
To say that something in the past has done something
Use infinitive + past participle

18. Future Tense I will Infinitive + -é -emos -ás -éis -á -án
Los Irregulares
Decir
Dir-
Hacer
Har-
Poner
Pondr-
Salir
Saldr-
Tener
Tendr-
Venir
Vendr-
Poder
Podr
Querer
Querr-
Saber
Sabr-
Haber
Habr-
I will
Infinitive + -é
-emos
-ás
-éis -á
-án

19. Conditional Tense Would/should/could Infinitive+ -iá -iámos -iás -iáis
All endings are the same for er, ir, and ar berbs. The irregulars are the same as the future tense
-iá
-iámos
-iás
-iáis
-ián

20. Past subjective
Drop the ending –ron ending from the preterite
-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -ran
The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
NOTE: Used in same context and situations as the present subjunctive. It generally describes actions, events and conditions that have already happened.