1. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 1 First Midterm Exam l November 22, 2008, Saturday, 10:40 – 12:20, max 100 minutes l One A4 size cheat-note allowed (both sides could be used) l Closed book, closed notes, no calculators and no laptops l Until the end of loops ä up to 5.4 from book (excluding 4.6.3) ä but you are responsible everything covered in class even if not covered in book e.g. robot class (all member functions; not only the ones you used in hw) several examples l Problem set and solutions are up on the web

2. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 2 First Midterm Exam – Exam Places if (lastname >= "Acar" && lastname = "Başaran" && lastname = "Cev" && lastname = "Çokuysal" && lastname = "Konukoğlu" && lastname = "Onur" && lastname = "Özüpekoğlu" && lastname = "Su" && lastname = "Tomaç" && lastname <= "Zilan") cout << " FASS G062 amfi" << endl;

3. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 3 Reference parameters (6.2.3) l It’s useful for a function to return more than one value ä Find roots of a quadratic two return values. What are they? ä Get first and last name of a user and return them two return values Functions are limited to one return value using return l If you need to return several values back from a function ä Use reference parameters ä The idea is that when the value of the parameter is modified function modifies the value of the corresponding argument as well

4. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 4 Value Parameters - Pass by value l The parameters we have seen so far are value parameters ä their arguments are passed by value ä if you change the value of a parameter in function, corresponding argument does NOT change in the caller function Example: see passbyvalue.cpp (not in book) parameter a changes in function average, but corresponding argument, num1, does not change in main Enter two integers: 10 15 in main before calling average: num1 = 10, num2 = 15 beginning of function average: a = 10, b = 15 end of function average: a = 25, b = 15 average is 12.5 in main after calling average: num1 = 10, num2 = 15

5. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 5 Reference Parameters – Pass by Reference l Reference parameters are used to change the value of the argument in the caller function as well ä ampersand between type and name void myfunction (int & num) ä if you change the value of a reference parameter in function, corresponding argument changes in the caller function ä Argument of a reference parameter must be a variable This is a reasonable rule, because otherwise its value wouldn’t change ä See passbyreference.cpp (not in book) parameter a changes in function average; corresponding argument, num1, changes in main as well Enter two integers: 10 15 in main before calling average: num1 = 10, num2 = 15 beginning of function average: a = 10, b = 15 end of function average: a = 25, b = 15 average is 12.5 in main after calling average: num1 = 25, num2 = 15

6. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 6 Underlying Mechanisms l For value parameters, the arguments’ values are copied into parameters ä arguments and parameters have different memory locations double average (int a, int b) average(num1, num2) 1015 10 15 copy value main function

7. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 7 Underlying Mechanisms l For reference parameters, the parameter and the argument share the same memory location ä parameter is an alias of argument double average (int & a, int b) average(num1, num2) 10 15 refers to the same memory location copy value main function

8. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 8 Example: Swap l Write a function that swaps the values of its two integer parameters void swap (int & a, int & b) { int temp; temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } l How do we use this in main? int a=5, b=8; swap (a,b); // a becomes 8, b becomes 5 swap(a,5); // syntax error, arguments must be variables

9. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 9 Examples l What’s prototype for a void function that takes a string as parameter and returns the number of vowels and consonants in it. void letters (string s, int & vowels, int & consonants); l What’s prototype for a void function that returns the number of hours, minutes in N seconds. Where N is a parameter? void TimeConversion (int N, int & hours, int & minutes);

10. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 10 Reference Parameters are not only to return multiple values Even if you have a single value to return, you may prefer to return it as a reference parameter, not as the return value of the function.  ToLower function, defined in strutils, changes its argument to all lowercase. It is actually a void function, i.e. does not return anything as the function’s return value ä Prototype is void ToLower(string & s);  Example use string s = "HeLLo"; ToLower(s); // s becomes “hello”

11. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 11 Example (See roots.cpp) l Roots of quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 l what could be a prototype? void roots (double a, double b, double c, double & r1, double & r2); l What happens if ä one root? ä no roots? l how will you inform the caller function about the number of roots? ä necessary in order to let the caller function to interpret arguments for r1 and r2 l Solution: let the function return (as the return value) an integer value for the number of roots ä So, the prototype becomes int roots (double a, double b, double c, double & r1, double & r2);

12. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 12 Parameter Passing: const-reference l Pass by value (value parameters) has overheads ä copying the value ä memory allocation for both parameter and argument l Sometimes we want to avoid the overhead of making the copy, but we don’t want to allow the argument to be changed. ä const-reference parameters avoid copies, but cannot be changed in the function trying to change a const-reference parameter is a syntax error  defined with const before a reference parameter void demo (const int & num, const string & s);

13. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 13 Example l Count # occurrences of a letter in a string ä write a function for it ä Look at every character in the string int LetterCount(const string& s, const string& letter) // post: return number of occurrences of letter in s { int k, count = 0, len = s.length(); for(k=0; k < len; k++) { if (s.substr(k,1) == letter) { count++; } return count; } l Calls below are legal int ec = LetterCount( " elephant ", " e " ); string s = " hello " ; cout << LetterCount(s, " a " );

14. CS201 – Introduction to Computing – Sabancı University 14 General rules for Parameters l Const-reference parameters allow constants and literals to be passed ä For example, “elephant” cannot be passed as an argument for a reference parameter, but it is ok with const-reference l Some good-programming tips ä Built-in types (int, double, bool, char) - pass by value unless you change it and return from the function ä All other types - pass by const-reference unless you change it and return from the function ä When you change and eant to return the changed value, use reference parameters l What about using classes as the parameter type? ä use reference parameters if changing the state of the parameter object that is why we use reference parameters for Robot objects ä use const reference if you are not changing the state of the parameter object