1.  Dynamic Energy Budget Theory Tânia Sousa with contributions from :Bas Kooijman

2.  How to obtain DEB parameters?

3.   Life-stages:  EggLarvae (V1 morph?)Juvenile Adult  Growth curvesSpawning season How to obtain DEB parameters: collect data for that species

4.  DEB Theory on Parameter Values: Scales of Life MV - Structure Feeding MH - Maturity Assimilation ME - Reserve Mobilisation Offspring MER Somatic Maintenance Growth Maturity Maintenance Reproduction Maturation

5.   “A comparison of the energetics of different species, ranging from bacteria to whales is reduced in DEB theory to a comparison of sets of different parameters” DEB Theory on Parameter Values: Scales of Life MV - Structure Feeding MH - Maturity Assimilation ME - Reserve Mobilisation Offspring MER Somatic Maintenance Growth Maturity Maintenance Reproduction Maturation

6.  A widespread biological empirical fact: Kleiber’s Law  Metabolism (respiration or heat production) as a function of mass  Metabolism increases with weight raised to the power 3/4  Max Kleiber originally formulated this basic relationship back in the 1930s. What is the relationship between specific metabolism and weight?

7.  DEB Theory on Parameter Values: Scales of Life 1 – Blue whale 2 – T-Rex 13 – Komodo dragon 16 – Cyanea (jelly fish) 24 - Largest flower 26 – sequoia Etruscan shrew Brookesia Micra Chameleon

8.   Constant Primary Parameters DEB Theory on Parameter Values

9.   Empirical support: Cells are very similar independent of size of the organism

10.   Design Primary Parameters: Theory on Parameter Values

11. 

12.   It allows us to make a first rough estimation of DEB parameters knowing L m and the parameters of a reference species Theory on Parameter Values

13.  Kooijman 1986 J. Theor. Biol. 121: 269-282 Parameters for a reference animal with L m =1cm What are the values for DEB parameters for an animal with L m =1 m?

14.  Theory on Parameter Values: Flows

15.  Theory on Parameter Values Kooijman 1986 J. Theor. Biol. 121: 269-282 Something missing? Parameters for a reference animal with L m =1cm What are the values for DEB parameters for an animal with L m =1 m?

16.  Theory on Parameter Values Kooijman 1986 J. Theor. Biol. 121: 269-282 Parameters for a reference animal with L m =1cm and T REF =293 K What are the values for DEB parameters for an animal with L m =1 m and T=308K?

17.  Theory on Parameter Values: Compound parameters

18. 

19.   Interspecies comparisons are done for:  Fully grown organism  Abundant food f(X)=1  Null heating length L T =0 Theory on Parameter Values: Flows

20.   Interspecies comparisons are done for:  Fully grown organism  Abundant food f(X)=1  Null heating length L T =0  How do feeding and reproduction rates depend on L m for related species? Theory on Parameter Values: Flows ?

21.   Interspecies comparisons are done for:  Fully grown organism  Abundant food f(X)=1  Null heating length L T =0  How do feeding and reproduction rates depend on L m for related species? Theory on Parameter Values: Flows ?

22.   Interspecies comparisons are done for:  Fully grown organism  Abundant food f(X)=1  Null heating length L T =0  How do feeding and reproduction rates depend on L m for related species? Theory on Parameter Values: Flows

23.   How do feeding and reproduction rates depend on L for the same species? Theory on Parameter Values: Flows

24.   How do feeding and reproduction rates depend on L for the same species? Theory on Parameter Values: Flows

25.  Why does size matter?

26.   Energetics depend on parameter values and parameter values depend on size Why does size matter?

27.   Energetics depend on parameter values and parameter values depend on size  What else matters? Why does size matter?

28.   Von Bertallanffy growth rate DEB Body Size Scaling Relations

29.   Metabolic rate (measured by O 2 or heat production) DEB Body Size Scaling Relations

30.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas and volume Energetics: the importance of shape MV - Structure Feeding MH - Maturity Assimilation ME - Reserve Mobilisation Offspring MER Somatic Maintenance Growth Maturity Maintenance Reproduction Maturation

31.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas (acquisition processes) and volume (maintenance processes)  The cyanobacterial colony Merismopedia  Colony is one cell layer thick Energetics: the importance of shape

32.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas (acquisition processes) and volume (maintenance processes)  The cyanobacterial colony Merismopedia  Colony is one cell layer thick  What would be your prediction? Energetics: the importance of shape

33.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas (acquisition processes) and volume (maintenance processes)  The cyanobacterial colony Merismopedia  Colony is one cell layer thick  What would be your prediction? Energetics: the importance of shape

34.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas (acquisition processes) and volume (maintenance processes)  Dynoflagellate Ceratium (marine phytoplancton)  Rigid cell wall that does not grow (internal growth at the expense of vacuoles) Energetics: the importance of shape

35.   Two aspects of shape are relevant for energetics: surface areas (acquisition processes) and volume (maintenance processes)  Dynoflagellate Ceratium (marine phytoplancton)  Rigid cell wall that does not grow (internal growth at the expense of vacuoles)  What would be your prediction? Energetics: the importance of shape

36.   “An exact isometric relationship between two animals occurs when all linear body dimensions scale up or down by the same multiplier. When height doubles, arm length doubles, distance between the eyes doubles. But, volume will increase to 8 times the original volume and surface area will increase to 4 times the original value. ” Energetics: the importance of shape AL2VL3AL2VL3

37.   Shape defines how these measures relate to each other  An individual that does not change in shape during growth is an isomorph, i.e.,  For isomorphs it is possible to make assertions about areas and volumes based on lengths only Energetics: the importance of shape AL2VL3AL2VL3

38.   Isomorph: surface area proportional to volume 2/3  V0-morph: surface area proportional to volume 0  the dinoflagelate Ceratium with a rigid cell wall  V1-morph: surface area proportional to volume 1  The cyanobacterial colony Merismopedia Change in body shape Chorthippus biguttulusPsammechinus miliaris

39.   To judge weather or not an organism is isomorphic, we need to compare shapes at different sizes.  Are these organisms isomorphic?  Sphere with an increasing diameter:  Rectangle with constant width and high and an increasing length: Energetics: the importance of shape

40.  Shape correction function

41.  Measurements vs. DEB variables

42.  Exercises

43. 