1. POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY Michał SEWERYŃSKI Minister of Education and Science Lecture in SSEES London, 24th March, 2006

2. - Introduction – current situation - A bit of history - Recent developments in education, science & mobility - Accession – challenges and benefits - Ambitions Michał SEWERYŃSKI Minister of Education and Science POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI CONTENTS

3. The accession constituted a formal confirmation of our participation in the process of creating the concept of modern Europe. For Poland this process was particularly long and painful; full of consequences which even now significantly influence our position. Introduction Current situation POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

4. Where are we today? PolandUE - 25 % 38.2 451.8 8.50 Population (million) 1 085 000 5.25 Number of researchers (thousand)56 900 9 5992.10 GDP [bio €]202 Employment (million) 197 000 7.00 13 800 1690.70 Expenditure on research [bio €]1.2 290 6003.50 Number of scientific publications10 050 Introduction Current situation POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

5. By the end of the 18 th century the Kingdom of Poland become divided between the three powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria. We regain independence at the end of the first WW, but soon after come the WWII, with particularly devastating effect. The country’s infrastructure was destroyed, the human resources in science, education and culture were wiped out. The Nazi Germany sought to eradicate the intellectual fabric of our society. The annihilation was complemented by the Soviet Union, that mass executed thousands of Polish army officers, held as prisoners of war. A bit of history POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

6. In 1950-ties Poland undertook reconstruction of the country – the bridges and houses, as well as skilled and educated resources of the nation. But the Stalin’s era, bringing with it the political and cultural terror, the centralised economy and the emptiness of communist ideology, did not facilitate a formation of creative and innovative science and academic sectors. In the centralised economy the industry and science are pursuing their separate objectives. The technology pull is a fiction and the science is often moved to the domains irrelevant to the wellbeing of the society. A bit of history POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

7. A new era has started when, in 1989, having won the right to hold free elections, Poland firmly rejected most of the constraints of the communist regime and the Soviet domination and entered the path of democracy. This was possible as a result of the Solidarity Revolution that launched the drive for liberty. The changes enforced by Solidarity in Poland contributed to the fall of communism in Europe and this achievement constitutes a major Polish input into the European integration. Poland embarked on a path of social and economic transformation – sometimes very painful, as accompanied by a high unemployment. But also characterised by stable economic growth. Current situation POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

8. Poland - GDP Growth (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004 5.2 7 6 6.8 4.8 4 3 1 1.2 3.5 3.8 5.6 Current situation POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

9. Poland - inflation rate (%) 8.6 0.7 44.4 37.7 29.5 21.6 18.7 13.2 8.5 9.8 3.6 1.92.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004 Current situation POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

10. In the areas of interest – education, science and mobility - the profound changes started to take shape. In education we witnessed the emergence of private (non budgetary) institutions, both at school and university level. This contributed to the growth in number of university and Ph. D students unparallel anywhere in Europe. Recent developments - education POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

11. NUMBER OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS (in thousands) - increase currently to over 2 mln. (5 times) 59 61.4 64.2 70.3 89 115.9 146.3 174.8 209.8 261.1 342.1 NUMBER OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATES (in thousands) - increase to nearly 400 k (7 times) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1995199619971998199920002001 2002 2003 1991/2 845 906 1077 1231 1397 1431.9 1584.8 1718.7 1800.5 385 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1991199319951997199919921994199619982000 2001/2 Human resources in Poland - students POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

12. NUMBER OF Ph. D STUDENTS - increase from 1.5 k to 33 k (22 times) NUMBER OF AWARDED Ph. D DEGREES - increase from 1.5 k to 5.5 k (4 times) 5105 1500 1800 2000 2300 2400 2600 3500 4004 4400 1608 2405 3687 6268 9577 11237 15321 18774 22239 25622 28345 31072 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 2002 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 199119921993199419951996199719981999 2000 2001 2002 Human resources in Poland – Ph. D POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

13. In the science sector, the research community was given a strong say in the state policy and in distribution of funds from the state budget. In consequence, new avenues of research were pursued and contacts with international science were being established. But in parallel with it a significant dispersion of research potential took place. Recent developments - science POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

14. SIZE OF THE R&D SECTOR (2005) State Universities 116 Private Universities 263 Inst. of the Polish Academy of Sciences 81 R&D units 232 Recent developments - science POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

15. R&D personnel in Poland 2005 Number of R&D personnelType of R&D unit Inst. of the Polish Academy of Sciences R&D units State-owned universities Others 4 600 12 200 36 600 3 500 56 900TOTAL (full time equivalent) POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

16. BILATERAL COOPERATION Bilateral projects realised in 2003 with selected partners Country Number of projects Ukraine178 Russian Federation 156 Japan128 France120 Germany110 China99 Belarus79 India46

17. 19921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005 0,0% 0,2% 0,4% 0,6% 0,8% 1,0% 1,2% [% GDP] Budgetary expenditure 0,33 0,34 0,41 0,42 0,44 0,43 0,46 0,47 0,46 0,55 0,57 0,64 0,30 0,64 0,71 0,68 0,74 0,73 0,74 0,78 0,74 0,90 0,86 0,87 Total 0,60 Country % GDP EU-251.95 ЕU-152.00 Czech Rep. 1.35 France2.19 Spain1.11 Germany2.50 Slovak Rep. 0.57 Hungary0.97 Great Britain 1.87 Italy1.16 GERD IN POLAND IN 1991-2005 0,30 0,26 0,30 0,27 0,30 0,28 0,35 0,29 0,22 0,30 + UE Non-budgetary expenditure POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

18. The effects on mobility – Program ERASMUS (students): - steady increase in numbers - significant imbalance between foreign and Polish visits Country preferences in Marie Curie Actions: UK (25%), Germany (21%), France (15%) Recent developments – mobility POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI Countrytofrom Germany 7 600 1 200 France 3 300 900 UK 1 600 260 total 24 000 4 600

19. The accession to the EU has opened to Poland a new era of relations with the Member Countries. In particular it has: - introduced Poland to the process of the Lisbon Strategy (building the knowledge-based economy and the knowledge-based society) - exposed our weaknesses in many areas of our life - introduced us to the discipline on R&D expenditures - accelerated the process of internal reforms - given the country and the society a spectrum of new ambitions. Accession – changes and benefits POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

20. The policies of the new Polish Government, being formulated since after the 2005 elections, aim in particular: - in education - creation of a new model for university education and for a career for university researcher, in line with the Bologna declaration - in science - determined increase of state expenditures and embarking on a far reaching reform of the science sector - in mobility – formulation of dedicated programmes supporting the mobility of young researches - in employment - creation of the conditions for growth in line with the economy. Accession – changes and benefits POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

21. STRATEGY OF R & D FUNDING INCREASE to reach goals of Lisbon Strategy to reach goals of Lisbon Strategy 0,64 1,25 1,5 1,8 2,2 2,6 3 0,64 0,9 1,06 1,3 1,65 1,9 2,2 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,85 11 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 2004200520062007200820092010 progressive version Iprogressive version II stagnation version POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

22. inancial incentives to support participation in EU programs - research priorities based on economic and resource assessment (Foresight) - concentrating and streamlining resources into top innovative groups - complement „pure” research with economy oriented R&D Competitiveness and economic rules in science: - implementation of highly competitive grant system - critical assessment of all research institutes - financial incentives to support participation in EU programs - research priorities based on economic and resource assessment (Foresight) - concentrating and streamlining resources into top innovative groups - complement „pure” research with economy oriented R&D Accession – changes and benefits POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

23. Employment of Structural Funds to foster co-operation between R&D sector and economy Employment of Structural Funds to foster co-operation between R&D sector and economy Meaningful participation in EU Framework Programmes Meaningful participation in EU Framework Programmes - maximize participation and associated benefits in 7FP - promote excellence as a basic criterion for support from public funds - active role in coordination of national research programmes - accommodate research on social and environmental issues: global and regional - increase mobility of scientists, to and from the country Accession – challenges POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

24. Basic research is a great chance - there we are strongest. Strongest Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Astrophysics, Archaeology Medium Biology, Earth Sciences, Medicine, some Eng. Sciences. Strong nationally Literary studies, Sociology, History Accession – ambitions POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

25. 1 st step – European Research Area 2 nd step – European funding of basic research European Research Council European Research Council 3 rd step – European Higher Education Bologna declaration, EIT Bologna declaration, EIT New Europe needs new Universities and new higher education structure - open to most talented young people from all Europe Accession – ambitions POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI

26. Accession – ambitions POLAND 18 MONTHS AFTER ACCESSION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, MOBILITY, EMPLOYMENT Michał SEWERYŃSKI