1. Design and Guidance

2. What are Your Choices

3. Mitigation measure ( keeping Animals off the road) Estimated effective- ness (%) Balance ($/km/yr) Best practice (yes) Animal detection systems (ADS)82%$3,091Yes Increase vis. (vegetation removal)38%$15,437Yes Fence (including dig barrier)87%$32,728Yes Long bridges100%$739,310 Long tunnels or long bridges100%$1,458,060 Fence with gap and ADS82%$24,461Yes Fence with underpasses87%$30,628Yes Fence with overpasses87%$10,003Yes Fence with under-and overpasses 87%$28,978Yes

4. Wildlife Fencing Effectivenss Materials Installation Access Points Costs Maintenance

5. Increases the barrier effect Potential negative effects to Dispersal and Migration Reducing collisions with large & small mammals by keeping animals off roads

6. Effectiveness Fence with gap and ADS 82% Fence with underpasses 87% Fence with overpasses 87% Fence with under-and overpasses 87%

7. Type of Materials Woven metal wire Chain Link Electric

8. Woven Metal Wire

9. Chain Link Fence

11. Table 3. Suggested fence height for selected large mammal species. 4 Large Ungulates Woven Metal Wire Fence Height Further Recommendations White-tailed deer8-9 ft Mule deer8-9 ft Elk8-9 ft Moose8-9 ft Mountain goat8-9 ft Bighorn sheep10-12 ft 1 Cougar11 ft Finer mesh size, overhang Wolf8 ft Black bear8-9 ft Finer mesh size, overhang Grizzly bear8-9 ft

12. Installation  Dig Barrier  Fence Posts  Attaching Wire Mess  Top Wire

13. Installation  Location  Length  Adding Crossings  Existing Crossings

14. Installation / Fence Ends

15. Escape Opportunities from the Right- of-Way

16. Access Points Requiring Fence Breaks

17. Fencing Construction Costs Highway Fencing Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park Can$25 per foot (2006) U.S. Highway 93 ( Montana) $9 to $12 per foot (2006 prices) [ Jump-outs $6,500 to $11,000 Wildlife Guards for Access Roads $30,000

18. Maintenance

19. Electric Fencing

20. Fencing Summary Several Materials to select from Need to keep in mind the types of Wildlife Fencing effectiveness How it is installed is VERY important Costs and Maintenance concerns must be recognized