1. Chapter 3 Inclusion and Identity
The ancient taoist taijitu symbolizes the synthesis of the individual and the collective.
Most people prefer group membership to isolation, but, once they join with others, they find they must sometimes do what is best for the group rather than what benefits them personally. Groups blur the boundary between the self and other, for members retain their personal qualities—their motives, emotions, and outlooks—but add to them a sense of self that is based on their group identity. Groups transform the me into the we.
Do humans, by nature, seek solitude or inclusion in groups?
When do people embrace collectivism by putting the group’s needs before their own?
What processes transform an individual’s sense of self into a collective, social identity?

2. 3: Inclusion and Identity
Isolation to Inclusion
Need to
Belong
Inclusion and exclusion
Inclusion
and
Human Nature
Individualism to Collectivism
Micro:
The Social Self
Meso:
The Group Culture
Macro:
Collectivism across Cultures
Personal Identity to Social Identity
Social
Identity
Theory
Motivation
and Social

3. Isolation to Inclusion
Need to
Belong
All human beings, “have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, and impactful interpersonal relationships.”
Roy Baumeister & Mark Leary (1995, p. 497).
Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe
I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island; void of all hope of recovery. I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world, to be miserable. I am divided from mankind, a solitary; one banished from human society. I have no soul to speak to or to relieve me.

4. Isolation can be rejuvenating, but:
Rubin Hurricane Carter:
I had nothing, absolutely nothing. I was trapped at the bottom, the lowest point at which a human being can exist without being dead: solitary confinement. I had nothing to hold on to, no family, nobody to do anything for me.
Isolation can be rejuvenating, but:
Isolated individuals (e.g., stranded explorers) report negative effects
Solitary confinement recognized as a severe punishment
People seek membership in a variety of groups
People build their “social capital” by creating online and face-to-face relationships

5. People affiliate in groups
Putnam’s “bowling alone” hypothesis: affiliation patterns are shifting

6. Type of Loneliness: social and emotional

7. Different groups reduce different types of loneliness

8. Inclusion and exclusion
The Inclusion/Exclusion Continuum
Rejection Acceptance
Maximum Exclusion
Active Exclusion
Passive Exclusion
Ambivalence
Passive Inclusion
Active Inclusion
Maximum Inclusion
Group rejects or ostracizes person
Group avoids person
Group ignores person
Group neither accepts nor rejects individual
Group allows member to join
Group welcomes member
Group actively recruits member

9. Inclusion and exclusion
Researchers have studied reactions to ostracism in various ways, including
The “life alone” paradigm
The ball-toss paradigm (and cyberball)
The exclusion paradigm
Ostracism: Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

10. The Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism: Williams, 2009

11. Reactions to Exclusion
Fight vs Flight
Tend and Befriend
Withdrawal and freezing
Aggressive, combative orientation
Attention to social cues
Increased motivation
Prosocial orientation
Results from Gaertner, Iuzzini, & O’Mara, 2008

12. Inclusion and Survival
The evolution of gregariousness (the “herd instinct”)
Leary’s sociometer theory
Neurological reactions to exclusion

13. The Evolution of Gregariousness

14. Leary’s sociometer theory: self-esteem warns of possible exclusion
Mark Leary:
We need to think about ourselves occasionally, but none of us needs to think about ourselves as much as we do.
Self-esteem is not the evaluation of your worth—it is an indicator of how well you are accepted into social groups

15. The Biology of Ostracism and Inclusion
dACC
(dorsal cingulate cortex)
Anterior insula
Ostracism triggers “pain” areas of the brain

16. Individualism Collectivism
Isolation to Inclusion
Individualism to Collectivism
Personal Identity to Social Identity
Individualism
Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.
Individualism to Collectivism

17. Individualism to Collectivism Individualism to Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.
Individualism to Collectivism

18. Collectivism Individualism
The group is primary, first. Its rights must be recognized and
put above the right of the individual. The individual belongs to the group.
Individualism
The individual is primary, first. His
or her rights must be recognized and
put above the right of the group as a
whole. If the group’s goals aren’t
compatible with the individual’s goals,
then the individual is free to go his
or her own way.
Copyright 2004 by Donelson R. Forsyth

19. Individualism to Collectivism

20. Individualists Collectivists
Micro:
The Social Self
Individualists
Collectivists

21. individualists and collectivists sex differences
Micro:
The Social Self
America is woven of many strands. I would recognize them and let it so remain. Our fate is to become one, and yet many. ― Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man
Differences
individualists and collectivists
sex differences
generational differences
Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory “

22. Autonomy and uniqueness
Meso:
The Group Culture
Individualism
Collectivism
Autonomy and uniqueness
Exchange relations
Equity
Egocentric
Reciprocity
Conformity and duty
Communal relations
Equality or need
Sociocentric
Ingroup oriented

23. The mean distributions in the Ultimatum Game from people living in 16 different indigenous societies and cultures around the world.

24. Collectivism across Cultures
Cultures: East vs. West
Subcultures: Some ethnic groups, such as Asian Americans and Latinos, are more collectivistic than individualistic
Regions of the U.S.: Culture of Honor in the south
Source: Cohen, Nibsett, Bowdle, & Schwartz

25. Individualism Collectivism
Isolation to Inclusion
Individualism to Collectivism
Personal Identity to Social Identity
Individualism
Collectivism
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other
A tradition, ideology, or personal orientation that emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.
Individualism to Collectivism

26. Personal Identity to Social Identity
Social Identity Theory: Basics
Basic assumption: the self-concept is determined by group memberships
Personal identity (individual self) and Social identity (collective self)
Tajfel & Turner’s minimal intergroup situation
Key processes: categorization and identification

27. Social Identity Theory
Social categorization: Individuals automatically classify people, including themselves, into groups.
Social identification: accepting as self- descriptive (self- stereotyping) the qualities attributed to one’s group (depersonalization)
Categorize
I am a member of group X
People in group X have qualities A, B, and C
I have qualities A, B, and C

28. Collective Self-esteem
Self-esteem depends on an individual’s personal qualities and the value of the groups to which they belong

29. Motivation and Social Identity
Ingroup-outgroup bias: Rating one’s own group more positively than other groups.
Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG): stressing association with successful groups.
Social creativity: Restricting comparisons between the ingroup and other groups to stress the ingroup’s relative strengths
Stereotype threat: Anxiety-provoking (and self-confirming) belief that others’ are biased against one’s group
Social mobility: Leaving the group

30. Social Identity Theory
Need for self-esteem
Personal Identity
Inclusion
Achievements
Social Identity
Group achievements
Group favoritism
Increased self-esteem
Outgroup rejection
Not clear if outgroup rejection raises self-esteem

31. Review Isolation to Inclusion Individualism to Collectivism
Who are you? A complex, hard-to-answer, question.
Isolation to Inclusion
Need to
Belong
Inclusion and exclusion
Inclusion
and
Human Nature
Individualism to Collectivism
Micro:
The Social Self
Meso:
The Group Culture
Macro:
Collectivism across Cultures
Personal Identity to Social Identity
Social
Identity
Theory
Motivation
and Social