1. Review on Carbotanium
Aditya Chandurkar

2. Outline Objective Titanium processing Carbon fibre
Titanium Carbon fibre bonding
Applications
Future Work

3. Objective
Smart material
How it can be made
Where can it be applied

4. Titanium
Titanium is named after the Titans, the powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
Titanium is the forth abundant metal on earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminum, iron and magnesium.
Have similar strength as steel but with a weight nearly half of steel.
Not found in its free, pure metal form in nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2)

5. Production of Titanium alloys
Extraction process – Kroll process
Melting Process
ESR
VAR
EBM
PAM
Induction Skull Melting
Casting process – Investment Casting, laser fabrication
Forming Process – rolling, extrusion, forging
Heat treatment

6. Physical Properties of TI
Crystal Structure HCP (below C)
BCC (above C)
Atomic diameter
Density g. cm-3
Melting Point
Experiences allotropic transformation (α-> β) at C
Highly react with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen
Difficult to extract -> expensive
High strength and toughness
Used mainly in wrought forms for advanced applications where cost is not critical

7. Classification of TI alloys
Commercially pure (CP) titanium alpha and near alpha titanium alloys
Alpha-beta titanium alloys
Beta titanium alloys
Different crystal structures and properties allow manipulation of heat treatments to produce different types of alloy microstructures to suit the required mechanical properties.

8. Beta Ti alloys
Beta stabilizers are sufficiently added to retain a fully β structure (avoid martensite formation) when quenched from the β phase field
Metastable β alloys : Mo Eq. <25
Stable β alloys : Mo Eq

9. Beta titanium alloys
β titanium alloys possess a BCC crystal structure, which is readily cold-worked (than HCP α structure) in the β phase field
Microstructure after quenching contains equiaxed β phase
After solution heat treating + quenching giving very high strength (up to MPa)
Metastable β Ti alloys are hardenable while stable β Ti alloys are non-hardenable

10. Composition and applications of β titanium alloys

11. Beta alloys Advantages Disadvantages High strength to density ratio
Low modulus
High strength/high toughness
High fatigue strength
Good deep hardenability
Low forging temperature
Strip producible
Cold formable
Easy to heat
Excellent corrosion resistance
Excellent combustion resistance
Disadvantages
High density
Low modulus
Poor low high temperature properties
Small processing window
High formulation cost
High springback
Microstructural instabilities
Interstitial pick up

12. Carbon fibre
Collection of thin stand of material mostly composed of carbon atoms.
The carbon atoms are bonded together in microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber.
The crystal alignment makes the fiber incredibly strong for its size. Several thousand carbon fibers are twisted together to form a yarn, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric
The fabric is combined with epoxy is molded into shape to form various composite material

13. Classification of Carbon Fiber
Carbon fibers are classified by the tensile modulus of the fiber.
Tensile modulus is a measure of how much pulling force a certain diameter fiber can exert without breaking
 Ultra-high-modulus (modulus >450Gpa)
High modulus  (modulus between Gpa)
Intermediate Modulus (modulus between Gpa)
Low Modulus and high tensile (modulus < 100Gpa, tensile strength > 3.0Gpa)
Super high tensile (tensile strength > 4.5Gpa)

14. Raw Materials
90% of the carbon fibers produced are made from polyacrylonitrile
remaining 10% are made from rayon or petroleum pitch
All of these materials are organic polymers, characterized by long strings of molecules bound together by carbon atoms

15. The Manufacturing Process
Part Chemical and Part Mechanical
Spinning
Stabilizing
Carbonizing
Treating the surface
Sizing

16. Carbon-Fiber Advantages Disadvantages Very low weight
High impact tolerance
Insensitive to temperature
Reduced maintenance costs
Long service life
Disadvantages
Oxidize readily between C
Very Expensive
Complicated to produce
High electrical conductivity of graphite particles

17. Ti-Carbon Fibre Bonding
Using Adhesive
Ion bean enhanced deposition

18. Applications Defense applications such as tank shields, Fighter plans.
Aerospace applications
Aircraft Applications
Automotive applications

19. Future work
Captain America’s Shield
Wolverines Claw
Body Armour

20. Questions