1. Stones

2. Outline Classification of Source Quarrying Dressing Qualities Testing
Uses
Types and their Uses

3. Classification of Rocks
Geological Classification
Igneous rocks
Formed by cooling of molten lava
Un-stratified rocks
E.g. Granite, Basalt, Trap
Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from weathering deposits (sediments)by wind or water
Stratified rocks
Solidified to rocks due to compaction caused intense pressure from overlaying sediments.
E.g. Sandstone, Gypsum, Lime stone, peat
Metamorphic rocks
Changed from igneous or sedimentary rocks
Foliated ricks
Changed due to intense heat or pressure inside earth
E.g. Marble, Slate, Laterite Gneiss, Quartzite

4. Classification of Rocks
Chemical classification
Siliceous rocks:
Silica (SiO2) is the major constituent
Granite, Sandstone
Argillaceous rocks:
Clay is the main constituent
Slate, Laterite
Calcareous rocks:
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is the main constituent
Limestone, marble

5. Quarrying(Extraction Of Stones)
The Process of extracting or taking out stones from rock beds is known as quarrying of stones.
A Mine is one in which the process is carried on.
Methods Of Quarrying
Digging or excavating, heating, wedging
For soft rocks like limestone, marble
Blasting-blasting rocks with explosives
For hard dense rocks like granite, basalt

6. Dressing Of Stones Stones obtained from quarrying have rough surface
Dressing is the process of cutting the stones into regular shape and size with the required finished surface.
Purpose
Suitable size
Regular shape and pleasing appearance
Proper bedding for stone masonry

7. Qualities of A Good stone
Crushing strength >100 N/sq.mm
Uniform color
Fine crystalline structure, strong and should be durable
Easy to carve and dress
Building stone should be sharp and clear
Stones used in road work must be hard enough
Wear and tear < 3% Wear and tear = 3% (tolerable) Wear and tear >3% (not satisfactory)
Specific gravity >2.7
Should not absorb water more than 0.6% by weight
Acid resistant, fire resitant

8. Testing Of Stones(Exam Point Of View)
Hardness Test: tested by pen knife which will not produce scratch
Impact Test(Toughness): tested by impact test machine.
Test for crushing strength: crushing strength= max load at failure
Area of bearing face
Microscopic Test: to study properties like Mineral constitution, texture, average grain size etc
Attrition/Abrasion Test: to test % of wear of stones in Deval’s attritions test. % wear=(Loss in weight/initial weight) *100
Smith’s Test: to find presence of earthly matter in stone (broken pieces of stone shaken with water vigorously)

9. Electrical Resistance Test: resistance of stones is measured from its water absorption capacity (as wet stones have less resistance)
Crystallization Test: immersed in a solution of Sod. Sulphate and dried in hot air. Diff in weight if any is recorded and that determines the durability of stones
Acid test: corners of the stone become roundish and loose when kept immersed in HCl or H2SO4 for a long period. This test is carried out in order to determine whether the stone can be used in smoky atmosphere
Fire Resistance Test: to find its fire resistance, test for the amount of Calcium Carbonate present (Add H2SO4 and you get bubbles)
TO REMEMBER THESE POINTS – MASE HIT CAFÉ (E no use)

10. Basic Use
Stone is used in two fundamentally different ways in buildings:
It may be laid in mortar, much like bricks or concrete blocks, to make walls, arches, and vaults, a method of construction referred to as stone masonry.
It may be mechanically attached to the structural frame or walls of a building as a facing, called stone cladding.
As known it is used for construction like construction of walls, columns, arches, roofs, floors etc
For foundation of buildings, damp proof courses etc.
Hard stones used for pavements and roads.
As a basic material in concrete manufacturing.
As flux in blast furnaces, blocks in construction of bridges, piers etc

11. Types Of Building Stones
GRANITE:
Granite is the igneous rock most commonly quarried for construction in North America.
Granite is nonporous, hard, strong, and durable, the most nearly permanent of building stones
USES
Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments.
Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen countertops due to its high durability and aesthetic qualities
Life-size elephant and other creatures carved in granite; Mahabalipuram.

12. LIMESTONE
Limestone is one of the two principal sedimentary rock types used in construction.
Limestone may be composed either of calcium carbonate (oolitic limestone) or of a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates (dolomitic limestone).
USES
Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America.
Manufacture of Cement.
DO YOU KNOW
So many buildings in Kingston, Canada were constructed from it that it is nicknamed the 'Limestone City'.

13. SANDSTONE
Sandstone is the second major sedimentary rock type used in building construction.
Sandstone was formed in ancient times from deposits of quartz sand (silicon dioxide).
USES
Flooring: Sandstones are mainly used in paving, flooring, roofing etc. This is very strong that makes it perfect material for flooring.
Resistant to Corrosion and weathering.
The different shades and patterns of sandstone make garden pavement gorgeous. 
Sandstone composed mainly of quartz grains

14. QUARTZITE
Quartzite is a hard metamorphic rock which was originally sandstone.
Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure.
Pure quartzite is usually white to grey, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3).
USES
Quartzite is a decorative stone and may be used to cover walls, as roofing tiles, as flooring, and stair steps.
Crushed quartzite is sometimes used in road construction .

15. Quartzite mine in British Columbia, Canada
Quartzite with shades of Red and Pink due to amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3).

16. SLATE
Slate is one of the two metamorphic stone groups utilized in construction.
Slate was formed from clay.
It is a dense and hard stone.
USES
Slate can be made into roofing slates, also called roofing shingles
Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%.
Slate tiles are often used for interior and exterior flooring, stairs, walkways and wall cladding.

17. Slate roof.
Buildings with slate roofs.

18. MARBLE Marble is the second of the major metamorphic rock groups.
In its true geologic form it is a recrystallized form of limestone.
It is easily carved and polished and occurs in white, black, and nearly every colour, often with beautiful patterns of veining.
USES
Mainly used for Flooring.
Finely ground marble or calcium carbonate powder is a component in paper, and in consumer products such as toothpaste, plastics, and paints.
Also for interior decorations.

19. Different Textures Of Marble

20. Marbles Obtained Form the site
Marble Stone

21. Marbles Used In Construction
The Taj Mahal is made of marble.
Ancient marble columns
in a prayer hall 

22. CHALK
Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.
Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under relatively deep marine conditions
USES
Chalk is used to make quicklime and 
slaked lime, mainly used as lime mortar 
in buildings.

23. LATERITE
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides.
They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock.
USES
Used in wall Construction and
rough stone masonry work.

24. GRAVEL
Gravel is a rock that is of a specific particle size range. Specifically, it is any loose rock that is larger than 2 mm (0.079 in) in its smallest dimension .
The next smaller size class in geology is sand.
USES
Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is little traffic.
Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete.