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SCIENCE “Science does not know its debt to imagination” –Emerson
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What are the 4 branches of Science? 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study of composition of matter 3.Physics Study of forces and motion 4.Earth Science Study of the Earth and its surroundings
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Four Branches of Earth Science Geology –Study of the solid earth Oceanography –Study of the oceans Meteorology –Study of the atmosphere and weather Astronomy –Study of the universe
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4 Earth’s Spheres
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1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.
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2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth
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3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth
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4. Biosphere = all living things on earth
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System – any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. Driving Forces - The Sun Internal Heat Earth as a System
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So What? Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth?
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So What? Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth? Water Wars
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Determining Location Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degrees –Lines run east and west –Measures distances N & S –0º = equator –90º = poles
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Determining Location Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees –Lines run N and S –Measures distances E & W –0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng. –180º = International Date Line
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Latitude and Longitude Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds. 31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds. Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100! Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long
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Maps Projecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion… Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged Land & distances at the equator are normal
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Topographic Maps (Contour Maps) Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D. –Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of equal elevation) –Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines –Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal) –Legend/key – explains symbols on the map
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5 Rules of Contour Lines Never cross “Vs” point upstream Closely spaced lines = steep land Farther spaced lines = flatter land Form closed loops
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Types of Rocks Chapter 3
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What is a Rock? Any consolidated material consisting of more than one mineral
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3 Types of Rocks 1.Igneous 2.Metamorphic 3.Sedimentary
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Igneous Rocks (from fire) 2 main types 1. Intrusive Cools and forms slowly (large crystals) From magma Underground 2. Extrusive Cools and forms quickly (small crystals) From lava Above ground
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Igneous Rocks Classification 2 ways to classify igneous rocks 1. Texture & 2. Composition –Texture (4 types) 1. Coarse grained – slow cooling, large crystals 2. Fine grained – fast cooling, small crystals 3. Glassy – super fast cooling, glassy 4. Porphyritic – slow and fast cooling, has both large and small crystals
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Course-Grained Igneous Texture
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Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
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Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.
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Porphyritic Igneous Texture
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2 Magma Groups (families) 1. Granitic (felsic) = continental High in silica, light colored, low density 2. Basaltic (mafic) = oceanic Low in silica, dark colored, high density
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Sedimentary Rocks From (Latin) sedimentum = settling Made from sedimentssediments
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Sedimentary Rock Classification 3 MAIN TYPES: 1. Clastic = form from sedimentClastic 2. Chemical = form from precipitation or evaporation 3. Biochemical (organic) = form from remains of once living organisms
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Chemical
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Clastic Sedimentary Rocks categorized by size/shape Conglomerate – rounded pebble sized Breccia – angular pebble sized Sandstone – sand sized Siltstone– silt sized Shale/mudstone – clay sized
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Crystalline limestone – precipitates from ocean water Travertine – precipitates in caves Chert/flint – quartz Gypsum – precipitates from oceans, too Rock salt – evaporated salt water
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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks Fossil limestone – fossils remains Coquina – shells and shell fragments Chalk – microscopic shells and clay Bituminous coal – plant remains
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Sedimentary Rock Features Ripple Marks Mudcracks Bedding Foliation (layers)
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Metamorphic Rocks Means to change form 2 types of metamorphism 1. Contact Metamorphism – small areas from magma 2. Regional Metamorphism – large areas from mountain building
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3 Agents of Metamorphism 1.Heat (temperature) 2.Pressure (stress) 3.Chemicals
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Metamorphic Rock Types 1.Foliated – easily seen layers due to heat and pressure. ex: gneiss and slate 2.Non foliated – no layers can be seen ex: marble and quartzite
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1. Foliated Metamorphic 1.Slate – very thin layers, from shale 2.Phyllite – thin layers, sheen, wavy, from slate 3.Schist – medium layers,shiny, micas, from phyllite 4.Gneiss – distinct black & white layers, from schist or granite
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Nonfoliated Metamorphic 1.Marble – shiny, fizzes in acid, H = 3, from limestone 2.Quartzite – shiny, won’t fizz, H = 6 – 7, from sandstone 3.Anthracite coal – shiny, black, from bituminous coal The carbon cycle…see page 85
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Lab Information
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Igneous Rocks = most common overall --never layered --can be spotty,glassy --can have holes --crystals rectangular
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Sedimentary Rocks Most common on surface Usually dull earthy colors Can have fossils Can be layered Rounded grains
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Metamorphic Rocks = most common around NC crystals flattened may be layered/foliated can be shiny/sheeny
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The Rock Cycle Continuous model that shows how rocks can change from 1 type into another. Interactions among water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change. types of energy that drive the rock cycle: 1. SUN=external forces = weathering, etc. produce sedimentary rocks 2. MAGMA=internal forces=heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks
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and deposition and chemicals Heat, pressure, and chemicals and crystallization
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Rock Cycle Driving Factors 1.Sun - Drives the water cycle that produces weathering and erosion. 2.Heat from Earth’s Interior -Heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks. 3.Gravitational Energy - Gravity pulls everything down…rockslides, falling rain, tall mountains, etc.
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Vocab. terms Magma – underground molten rock Lava – above ground molten rock Crystallization – formation of minerals from cooling magma/lava Weathering – breaking rocks into smaller pieces called (sediments)
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Erosion – transportation of sediments –W W G G Deposition – dropping off of sediments Lithification – compacting and cementing of sediment (turn to rock) Metamorphism – changing one type of rock into another (3 ways: heat/pressure/or chemicals)
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