1. M/EEG forward problem & solutions Brussels 2011 SPM-M/EEG course January 2011 C. Phillips, Cyclotron Research Centre, ULg, Belgium

2. Forward Problem Inverse Problem Source localisation in M/EEG

3. Head anatomy Solution by Maxwell’s equations Head model : conductivity layout Source model : current dipole Forward problem

4. Ohm’s law : Continuity equation : Maxwell’s equations (1873)

5. From Maxwell’s equations find: where M are the measurements and f(.) depends on: signal recorded, EEG or MEG head model, i.e. conductivity layout adopted source location source orientation & amplitude Solving the forward problem

6. From Maxwell’s equations find: with f(.) as an analytical solution -highly symmetrical geometry, e.g. spheres, concentric spheres, etc. -homogeneous isotropic conductivity a numerical solution -more general (but still limited!) head model Solving the forward problem

7. Con’s: Human head is not spherical Conductivity is not homogeneous and isotropic. Analytical solution Example: 3 concentric spheres Pro’s: Simple model Exact mathematical solution Fast calculation

8. Overlapping spheres in MEG Better but…

9. Usually “Boundary Element Method” (BEM) : Concentric sub-volumes of homogeneous and isotropic conductivity, Estimate values on the interfaces. Numerical solution Pro’s: More exact head shape modelling Con’s: Mathematical approximations of solution  numerical errors Slow and intensive calculation

10. Features of forward solution Find forward solution (any) : with f(.) linear in non-linear in If source location is fixed, then

11. SPM solutions Source space & head model Template Cortical Surface (TCS), in MNI space. Canonical Cortical Surface (CCS) = TCS warped to subject’s anatomy Subject’s Cortical Surface (SCS) = extracted from subject’s own structural image (BrainVisa/FreeSurfer)

12. SPM solutions Jérémie Mattout, Richard N. Henson, and Karl J. Friston, 2007, Canonical Source Reconstruction for MEG

13. SPM solutions Source space & head model Template Cortical Surface (TCS), in MNI space. Canonical Cortical Surface (CCS) = TCS warped to subject’s anatomy Subject’s Cortical Surface (SCS) = extracted from subject’s own structural image (BrainVisa/FreeSurfer) Forward solutions: Single sphere Overlapping spheres Concentric spheres BEM … (new things get added to SPM & FieldTrip)

14. Solving the Forward Problem is not exciting but necessary… Solution depends on data at hand: MEG vs. EEG: single sphere or overlapping spheres vs. 3 concentric spheres or BEM Structural image available? CCS (good enough) or SCS (tedious work) vs. TCS (best proxy) Sensor location/head position available? Conclusions

15. Thank you for your attention