1. Institute of Technical Physics 1 conduction Hyperbolic heat conduction equation (HHCE) Outline 1. Maxwell – Cattaneo versus Fourier 2. Some properties of the HHCE 3. Objections against the HHCE – a misunderstanding 4. A physical explanation of the relaxation time Bernd Hüttner CPhysFInstP, Stuttgart 1. Maxwell – Cattaneo versus Fourier

2. Institute of Technical Physics 2 1. What is wrong with the parabolic heat conduction equation? It predicts an infinite propagation velocity for a finite thermal pulse ! How can this happens? = const. The cause and effect in this case occur at the same instant of time, implying that its position is interchangeable, and that the difference between cause and effect has no physical significance.

3. Institute of Technical Physics 3 Maxwell-Cattaneo equation Velocity: damped wave-like transport diffusive energy transport

4. Institute of Technical Physics 4 Schmidt, Husinsky and Betz– PRL 85 (2000) 3516  L = 30fs

5. Institute of Technical Physics 5 Schmidt, Husinsky and Betz– PRL 85 (2000) 3516

6. Institute of Technical Physics 6 Schmidt, Husinsky and Betz– PRL 85 (2000) 3516

7. Institute of Technical Physics 7 David Funk et al. – HPLA 2004 Au  L = 130fs

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10. 10 In this paper the HHCE is inspected on a microscopic level from a physical point of view. Starting from the Boltzmann transport equation we study the underlying approximations. We find that the hyperbolic approach to the heat current density violates the fundamental law of energy conservation. As a consequence, the HHCE predicts physically impossible solutions with a negative local heat content. The physical defects of hyperbolic heat conduction equation Körner and Bergmann - Appl. Phys. A 67 (1998) 397

11. Institute of Technical Physics 11 Derivations of the MCE 1. Simple Taylor expansion : 2. From the Boltzmann equation Hüttner – J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11 (1999) 6757 3. In the frame of the Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics ( 0. Maxwell (1867) has suppressed the term because he assumed that the time is too short for a measurable effect)

12. Institute of Technical Physics 12 2. Classical irreversible thermodynamics Based on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium, Onsager linear relations J i =  L ik ·X k and positive entropy production Fourier’s law q = - l gradTparabolic diff. equation local in space and time, no memory, close to equilibrium

13. Institute of Technical Physics 13 3. Extended thermodynamics Based on an extension of thermodynamical variables (S, T, p, V, fluxes) Taking into account only the heat flux q one finds: hyperbolic diff. equation Temperature: nonlocal, with memory, far from equilibrium

14. Institute of Technical Physics 14 Evolution of the classical entropy of an isolated system described by the HHCE and of the extended entropy

15. Institute of Technical Physics 15 The physics behind the hyperbolic heat conduction or what is the physical meaning of  EcEc EvEv E gap E Simplified scheme of a semiconductor Assume: 1.Initial density in E c is zero 2.Valence band is flat and thin Both assumption are not essential but comfortable

16. Institute of Technical Physics 16 fs laser pulse hits the target and excites a large number of electrons into the conduction band EcEc E photon =   L EvEv E gap E EcEc E photon =   L EvEv E gap E E el =   L - E gap

17. Institute of Technical Physics 17 Electrons thermalize very fast due to the large available phase space an intensive quantity Electron temperature starts to relax with characteristic time: Important point, electronic specific heat is an extensive quantity Heat exchange coefficient

18. Institute of Technical Physics 18 Electron density – Beer’s law Since c e ~ n e ·T e follows  T ~ n e ·T e That’s why, T e relaxes faster with increasing distance leading to a build up of a temperature gradient

19. Institute of Technical Physics 19 Relaxation time of electron system Relation with the Drude scattering time

20. Institute of Technical Physics 20 An example: T i = 300K, n i =(0; 10 16 )cm -3 (!), E gap = 0.5eV, L opt = 20nm E L = 1eV,  L = 100fs, n f = 10 18 cm -3 dotted: n i = 0cm -3 solid: n i = 10 16 cm -3 Times: red: 50fs green: 100fs blue: 500fs black: 1ps

21. Institute of Technical Physics 21 Temperature gradient Thermal current q = - 0 (T e /T 0 )  T e Times: red: 50fs, green: 100fs blue: 500fs, black: 1ps

22. Institute of Technical Physics 22