1. Rojo 9B APUNTES

2. Direct Object Pronouns: menos teos lolos lalas Me = menos = us Te = youos = you guys (Spain) Lo = him, it, you (male,formal)Los = them, you guys La = her, it, you (female, formal)Las = them (female), you gals (female)

3. Direct objects show who or what receives the action of the verb. To avoid repetition, use a direct object pronoun. Ex: I am watching the game. = Yo veo el partido. I am watching it. = Yo LO veo.

4. 1.Put the D.O. pronouns BEFORE a conjugated verb. los Ex: Yo los pego. = I hit them. me Berguita me besa. = Berguita kisses me.

5. Placement rules: 2. They can also be ATTACHED to an infinitive, OR they can go BEFORE the entire verb phrase when there is an infinitive. Ex: I am going to hit them! = ¡Yo los voy a pegar! OR ¡Voy a pegarlos!

6. Conocer

7. Present Progressive estoyestamo s estásestáis estáestán stem of infin. + “ando” or “iendo” Present Progressive To say what is happening RIGHT NOW: form of estar + present participle Ex: We are listening to music = Estamos eschuando la música. They are doing their homework = Están haciendo su tarea. (The “-ANDO”,“-IENDO” and “-YENDO” in Spanish are like “-ING” endings in English.)

8. Present Progressive Used to say what is happening RIGHT NOW at this VERY MOMENT. Ex: Leave me alone, I am sleeping! Formula : 1. form of estar + 2. present participleV estoyestamos estásestáis estáestán Stem of infinitivo Plus: -ando -iendo -yendo

9. Ex: We are listening to music = Estamos eschuando la música. They are doing their homework = Están haciendo su tarea. (The “-ANDO”,“-IENDO” and “-YENDO” in Spanish are like “-ING” endings in English.)

10. Use “-ANDO” for –ar verbs “-IENDO” for –er and –ir verbs “-YENDO” for verbs whose Stems end in an “E” or “I” like creer and leer If this is the case, change the “i” to a “y” so that you do not have 3 vowels in a row. Ex: Leer  le yendo; Traer  tra yendo --Estoy leyendo = I am reading.

11. Key pregunta: ¿Qué estás haciendo ahora? = What are you doing now? For Reflexivos: (2 options) Ex.: Maquillarse I am putting on makeup. = 1) Me estoy maquillando. OR: 2) Estoy maquillándome. ********************************************** ****

12. “-ir” stem changers in present have a DIFFERENT stem change in the participle: pedir = pidiendo dormir = durmiendo servir = sirviendo venir = viniendo