2.  M ilitarism- policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war.  A lliances- agreements (friendships) between nations to provide aid and protect on another  N ationalism- extreme pride in one’s country  I mperialism- when one country takes over another country economically and politically  A ssassination- of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist.

3. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditure CountryPercentage France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

5. What does this political cartoon mean? "The Chain of Friendship", is an American cartoon from 1914 depicting the web of alliances, captioned, "If Austria attacks Serbia, Russia will fall upon Austria, Germany upon Russia, and France and England upon Germany."

6. ALLIESCENTRAL POWERS  Britain  France  Russia  Serbia   Germany  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire (Turkey)  The Powers known as the Allies in World War I were predominantly: Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy. Italy initially had a treaty with Germany, but recanted and secretly allied with the Allied Powers. Italy

7.  Nationalism became a widespread force in Europe during the 19 th century.  Its is often defined as, “pride in one’s country,” but its represented more than that.  It was a growing sense of pride that people felt, which caused them to desire the best for their nation.  This desire was at the root of making European problems.

8.  Great Britain, Germany, and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution.  These countries compete for economic expansion in Africa. Several crises foreshadowed the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France

9.  ASSASSINATION of Archduke Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist.

11.  New weapons crippled the “frozen front” due to Industrial Revolution.  Poison gas (mustard & chlorine gas)  Hand grenades  Flame throwers  Tanks  Airplanes  Machine Guns  Long Range Guns  Subs (U-Boats)  Trench Warfare

17.  Elaborate systems of defense  barbed wire  Concrete machine gun nests  Mortar batteries  Troops lived in holes underground

19.  Offensive attacks included:  Going over the top into “No Mans Land”  Soldiers faced shell fire, machine guns, and poison gas.  Retreat back to trench

22.  Every soldier carried iron rations- emergency food that consisted of a can of bully beef, biscuits and a tin of tea and sugar  A single pair of rats could produce up to 880 offspring in a year  A total of 3,894 men in the British Army were convicted of self-inflicted wounds. A firing squad offense-none were executed, but all served prison terms.  The British army treated 20,000 soldiers for trench foot during the winter of 1914-1915.

23.  One-third of all casualties on the Western Front may have been killed or wounded in a trench.  A lit candle was fairly effective in removing lice, but the skill of burning the lice without setting yourself on fire was difficult to learn.  Soldiers in the trenches often depended on impure water collected from shell-holes or other cavities, causing disease.

24.  1917 – Russia surrenders (a separate peace)  U.S. joins the war on the Allied side  Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice

25. Allied PowersCentral Powers 42 million served23 million served 22 million casualties15 million casualties

26.  Germany surrendered.  Allies impose the Treaty of Versailles  Declares Germany was guilty for the war.  Germany must pay reparations to Allies  This sets the stage for WWII  The League of Nations was formed to try to prevent war in the future.

27. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy

28. The Treaty of Versailles June 1919

29. What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Germany’s armed forces : German army reduced to 100,000 men. Germany was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce 100,000

30. The area known as the Rhineland was to be demilitarized. The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships

31. Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

34. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 The War Guilt Clause GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR!!!!! This meant that:

35. REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum they had to pay: $31.4 BILLION!!!! Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria Germany Austria

36. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War.