1. Illustration of bootstrapping in the FFSF Daniel Messinger, Marygrace Yale Kaiser, Alan Cobo-Lewis, & Peter Mundy Supported by NICHD 38336 & 41619 & The Positive Psychology Foundation

2. Events as unit of analysis Unit of association = Patterns of actions (e.g., B1 & B2) B1B2 SMILE GAZE Overlapping behaviors create an expressive signal dependent on how they are patterned in time Beyond duration of co-occurrence

3. Generic Observed Patterns – A BEFORE B. E.g., Smile before Gaze n A smile which begins before and ends within a gaze at parent’s face. – A IN B. E.g., Smile in Gaze n A smile which begins and ends within a gaze at parent’s face. – B BEFORE A. E.g., Gaze before Smile n A gaze at parent which begins before and ends within a smile. – B IN A. E.g., Gaze in Smile n A gaze at parent’s face which begins and ends within a smile.

4. Expressions Gazes SM Take Observed Pattern SM No Smiles Gazes Away Gazes at Mom Smiles SM Separate into Observed Behaviors Time Smile in Gaze Simulation Procedure

5. To Create Simulated Pattern Smile Gaze SM No Smiles Gazes Away Gazes at Mom Smiles SM Observed Behaviors Time Use observed behaviors to create simulated sequences

6. Gaze Observed Pattern SmileSM Z = (Observed – Simulated)/SD S Smile in Gaze! Simulation indicates patterns not due to chance Simulated Random Pattern SM Smile Gaze Time Subtract Repeat 2000 times.

7. Study 1: Early infant communication Facial expressions (smiles & frowns) Vocalizations (non- reflexive vocalizations) Gaze direction (gazing at parent’s face & other) 40 infants at 3- & 6- months of age in modified face-to- face/still-face Facial Expression VocalizationGaze --?-- Yale, Messinger, Cobo-Lewis, et al. (1999; in press, Developmental Psychology) 12 & 40 infants at 3- & 6-months of age in modified face-to-face/still-face

8. Facial expression & vocalization n Facial expressions encompass vocalizations in a pattern that does not change with age or expression - replicated Facial Expression Vocalization

9. Facial expressions and gaze n Facial expressions – especially smiles - begin during gazes at parent’s face – Stronger with age & smile Facial Expression Gaze

10. Vocalization & Gaze n Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time VocalizationGaze --?--

11. Centrality of facial expressions n Facial expressions - both smiles and frowns - begin during gazes at parent’s face n Facial expressions encompass vocalizations n Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time

12. Dynamic formation of patterns n Communicative package is not pre-formed, but emerges through two links n Gaze at parent’s face sets the stage: n for a facial expression n into which a vocalization is likely to be inserted Communicative signal dynamically assembles in real-time Facial Expression VocalizationGaze --?--

13. Development of timing? Smile in gaze  Smile after gaze