1. REMEMBERING 2O10’S LANDSLIDES Rain-triggered, earthquake-triggered, hurricane-triggered, and wildfire- exacerbated landslides impacted communities around the world. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. IMPACTED NATIONS Haiti, Madeira (Portugal), USA (California) Brazil, Peru, China, Taiwan, ), Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua), …

3. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 Hundreds killed and injured. Homes damaged, and destroyed. Cars damaged and destroyed. Lives and livelihoods of thousands adversely affected. Medical care needs of evacuees and displaced increased sharply

4. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 (Continued) Infrastructure (roads, bridges) damaged and destroyed. Urgent need for timely search and rescue $ Hundreds of millions in uninsured or self-insured economic losses.

5. BASIC PHYSICS OF LANDSLIDES Planet Earth’s Restlessness and Gravity Causes:  Landslides

6. LANDSLIDES NATURAL PHENOMENA THAT OCCUR WITH OR WITHOUT HUMAN ACTIVITY

7. LANDSLIDES Falls, Topples, Slides, Spreads, Flows

8. LANDSLIDE HAZARD Landslides encompass all categories of gravity-related slope failures in Earth materials.

9. SLOPES Slopes are the most common landforms. Although they appear stable and static, slopes are actually dynamic, evolving systems.

10. SLOPES Material is constantly moving on slopes at rates varying from imperceptible creep to thundering avalanches and rock falls moving at high velocities.

11. THE COMBINATION OF WINTER STORMS, HEAVY RAINFALL, FLASH FLOODS AND THE RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PAST WILDFIRES, EARTHQUAKES, HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS, TREE CLEARING, AND URBANIZATION IS INCREASING LANDSLIDE RISK EVERYWHERE.

12. LANDSLIDE TRIGGERS Gravity slope failures are triggered by earthquake ground shaking or excess precipitation The slope does not need to be very steep for a landslide to occur.

13. LANDSLIDES HAITI MACHU PICCHU SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MADEIRA (Portugal) RIO DE JANEIRO TAIWAN CENTRAL AMERICA CHINA

14. M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES HAITI THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE’S POOREST NATION WITH 8 IN 10 AT POVERTY LEVEL 4:53 p.m.; JANUARY 12, 2010

15. THE HAITI EARTHQUAKE AND THE CARIBBEAN PLATE

16. PORT AU PRINCE: 1.8 MILLION IN A NATION OF NINE MILLION

17. EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDE

19. RAIN AND MUDSLIDES IN MACHU PICCHU 2,500 TOURISTS STRANDED JANUARY 28, 2010

20. On January 28, 2010, rain and mudflows devastated the homes of thousands of Peruvians living in the vicinity of Machu Picchu and created havoc for tourists visiting Machu Picchu and the Peruvian authorities.

21. MACHU PICCHU

22. Peruvian authorities used helicopters to airlift some of the foreign tourists trapped by rain and mudslides that killed seven people visiting the famed Inca ruins.

23. MUDFLOWS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: FEB 6, 2010 THE INTERSECTION OF HEAVY RAINFALL IN FIRST WINTER STORM OF 2010 AND BURNED OUT AREAS FROM WILDFIRES OF 2009 INCREASED RISK

24. FACT: MUDSLIDES INCREASE AFTER WILDFIRES

25. LA CONCHITA, CA

26. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA: JAN 13, 2010

27. MUDSLIDES IN LA CONCHITA, CA

28. CARS TRAPPED IN FLASH FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES

29. CARS TRAPPED IN MUDSLIDES

30. MUDSLIDES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

31. ANOTHER VIEW

32. SHOVELING MUD

33. As the first storm of the 2010 season moved into Southern California, the National Weather Service issued flash-flood watches and mudflow warnings for wildfire- burn zones in mountain areas from Santa Barbara to San Bernardino counties.

34. This storm tapped into subtropical moisture, giving it the potential to bring moderate to heavy rain and create significant hazards of flash flooding and debris flows, especially in the 2009 burn areas of Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties.

35. WILDFIRE BURN AREAS ARE VULNERABLE TO MUDFLOWS

36. SANDBAGS: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST FLOODING

37. K-RAILS: FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST MUDFLOWS

38. FLASH FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES IN THE MADEIRA ISLANDS, PORTUGAL AT LEAST 42 DEAD FEBRUARY 20-21, 2010

39. LOCATION OF MADEIRA

40. WHAT HAPPENED The worst storm to hit Madeira since 1993 lashed the south of the Atlantic Ocean island, including the capital, Funchal, Saturday, turning some streets into torrents of mud, water and debris.

41. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) The flash floods were so powerful they carved paths down mountains and ripped through the city, churning under some bridges and tearing others down.

42. FEBRUARY 21: FLASH FLOOD

43. FEBRUARY 21

44. WHAT HAPPENED (continued) Funchal’s residents and visitors had to contend with a lack of fresh water as a result of destroyed infrastructure.

45. FEBRUARY 21

46. FLOODS AND MUDSLIDES PARALYZE BRAZIL WORST IN 50 YEARS APRIL 7, 2010

47. WIDESPREAD INUNDATION

48. RIO DE JANEIRO

49. Flooding from torrential rains and mudslides claimed at least 200 lives in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro City and State.

50. FEBRUARY 25: RIO DE JANIERO, BRAZIL

51. BRAZIL: JANUARY 1, 2010

52. 10,000 homes, mostly in the slums where about a fifth of Rio's people live, often in shacks that are vulnerable to heavy rains were severely impacted by mudslides

53. LANDSLIDES IN TAIWAN EXACERBATED BY M6.5 EARTHQUAKE AND RAIN APRIL 26, 2010

54. LOCATION

55. LANDSLIDE

56. SEARCH AND RESCUE

57. TROPICAL STORM AGATHA TRIGGERS LANDSLIDES IN CENTRAL AMERICA EXACERBATED BY RAIN MAY 29, 2010

58. Over 140 landslides were triggered in Guatemala and Nicaragua.

59. LANDSLIDE IN ZHONQU COUNTY, CHINA Over 700 dead, hundreds injured, and over 1,000 missing Midnight - Saturday, August 7, 2010

60. A massive landslide triggered by heavy rainfall in Zhouqu County set in motion the side of a mountain, that damaged, toppled, and buried buildings and their sleeping residents on Sunday, August 8 th.

61. An estimated 1.8 million cubic meters of mud and debris flattened three villages in Zhouqu; In Yueyuan village, not a single structure was left intact by the landslides.

62. MUDSLIDE: ZHONGU, CHINA

63. DAMAGED BUILDINGS

64. In addition, rock, mud, and debris from the landslide blocked the Bailong River which passes through the area, creating a 3km (2- mile) long temporary lake.

65. Water in the temporary lake overflowed, sending waves of water, mud and rocks crashing down on the town, inundating low- lying neighborhoods with up to 4 meters of water.

66. FLOODED STREETS

67. EXPLOSIONS RELEASED THE BLOCKED BAILONG RIVER

68. PRIME MINISTER WEN JIABAO CALLED FOR ACTION: AUG 8TH

69. The Chinese army deployed 5,300 soldiers with 150 vehicles, 20 speed boats and four helicopters, and rescued 1,240 people had been rescued from the landslide mud and debris, or rescued from the tops of buildings where they had taken refuge..

70. RESCUE WORKERS

71. Over a meter of mud in many parts of the impacted area and rugged terrain made it almost impossible for rescue teams to bring in vital heavy equipment and specialists needed for search and rescue operations.

72. A SURVIVOR AWAITING RESCUE

73. SEARCH AND RESCUE

74. A SUCCESSFUL RESCUE

76. Streams of refugees left the area, carrying a few possessions they had managed to salvage; others carrying the bodies of loved ones.

77. Power lines were down in two-thirds of the county.

78. Thousands of homeless residents were forced to live in the open, or in the rubble of unsafe buildings, as dry, stable areas were not available to establish temporary shelters using tents provided by the Government..

79. At least 45,000 people were evacuated, including the residents of downstream towns thought to be at risk from new landslides that may be triggered in conjunction with the continuing rainfall..