1. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory Photo image area measures 2” H x 6.93” W and can be masked by a collage strip of one, two or three images. The photo image area is located 3.19” from left and 3.81” from top of page. Each image used in collage should be reduced or cropped to a maximum of 2” high, stroked with a 1.5 pt white frame and positioned edge-to-edge with accompanying images. Measurement of Chrysotile Fiber Retention Efficiencies on MCE Filters to Support Exposure Assessments Daniel A. Vallero, U.S. EPA/NERL, RTP, NC John R. Kominsky, EQM, Cincinnati, OH Michael E. Beard, RTI International, RTP, NC. Owen Crankshaw, RTI International, RTP, NC.

2. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 1 Study Objectives Post-preparation fiber retention Compare collection efficiency of chrysotile asbestos on 0.45 µ m and 0.8 µ m pore MCE filters for: -Structures ≥ 0.5 µ m and < 5 µ m long -Structures ≥ 5 µ m and < 10 µ m long -Structures ≥ 10 µ m long SEM 0.8 µm pore MCE, 8,000X (top) TEM 0.4 µm pore PC, 16,000X

3. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 2 Study Objectives Etching Time Effect of plasma etching time (2, 4, 8, and 16 minutes) using a 0.45 um MCE filter on chrysotile concentrations of: -Structures ≥ 0.5 µm and < 5 µm long -Structures ≥ 5 µm and < 10 µm long -Structures ≥ 10 µm long Preparation of a mixed cellulose ester filter for TEM specimen preparation. (Adapted from Chatfield, 1985.) Collected fibers

4. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 3 Why Chrysotile? Appropriate for these study objectives due to its finely fibrous nature. Of all asbestos fiber types, chrysotile most likely to penetrate the tortuous matrix of MCE filter material, Thus optimizes ability to see differences in asbestos collection efficiency, due to: –MCE pore size (larger pore sizes equate to greater potential penetration of fibers into the matrix) and, –Differential plasma etching time. Amphibole asbestos fibers, with their larger average diameter and length, are less likely to penetrate the MCE matrix. Chrysotile asbestos is by far most commonly seen asbestos type on air filters (such as from remediation sites). –Thus, it best reflects real-world situations. Allows results for chrysotile asbestos to give an indication of filter effectiveness for numerous fiber types.

5. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 4 Study Design – Collection Efficiency Batch Filter Pore Size/Loading and Number Samples 0.45 µ m0.8 µ m LowHighLowHigh 112-6- 2-6- 36- - 4- -- Total18

6. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 5 Study Design – Etching Time Filter Loading 0.45 µ m Pore MCE Filters Plasma Etching Time (min) and Number of Samples 24816 High12

7. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 6 Analytical Methodology ISO 10312:1995 TEM Specimen Preparation –DMF collapsing procedure –Collapsed filter plasma etched for 8 min (ISO 10312) and additional times either 2, 4, or 16 min. TEM Measurement Strategy –Aspect ratio 3:1 –Size categories (length) ≥0.5 to 5 µ m >5 to 10 µ m > 10 µ m

8. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 7 QC/QA MCE Filters (0.45 and 0.8 µ m pore size) –Independent QC lab monitored loaded filters for asbestos concentration and intra-batch uniformity. –Lot blanks –Laboratory blanks Duplicate Analyses Verified Counts

9. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 8 Mean Fiber Density (s/mm 2 ) by loading and fiber length (µm) Batch Low Filter LoadingHigh Filter Loading ≥0.5-5>5-10>10≥0.5-5>5-10>10 0.45 µ m pore size 12376321--- 2---58528489 33167121--- 4---120023566 0.8 µ m pore size 11946019--- 2---42922588 32877822--- 4---96026171

10. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 9 Asbestos Fiber Density w/ Variable Etching Time

11. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 10 Conclusions – Collection Efficiency Post-preparation fiber retention of 0.45 µm pore size MCE filter was higher than 0.8 µm MCE for chrysotile asbestos ≥0.5<5 µm length (p=0.01). Post-preparation fiber retention of 0.45 µm and 0.8 µm pore size MCE filters for chrysotile asbestos >5 µm length was not different (p>0.05). Monitoring should be conducted on 0.45 µm pore size MCE filters for exposure risk models that suggest a more significant role for asbestos fibers < 5 µm length.

12. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 11 Conclusions – Etching Time The mean concentration of chrysotile asbestos fibers (>0.5<5 µ m length) increased with etching time. Doubling the etching time (>0.5<5 µ m length) increased the number of exposed fibers by an average of 13% to the total asbestos concentration within the concentration range tested. Plasma etching time showed no effect observed on chrysotile asbestos fibers >5 µ m.

13. Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory 12 Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here. Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.