1. Animal Diversity
Red circle denotes animals

2. Animal Kingdom 35 Phyla 9 discussed in this lab Porifera: Sponges
Cnidaria: Jellyfish, Anemones Corals
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
Nematoda: Roundworms
Annelidae: Segmented worms
Mollusca: Mollusks
Arthropoda: Insects, Arachnids, etc...
Echinodermata: Sea Stars
Chordata: Vertebrates

3. Phlyogenetic tree of the animal kingdom, specifically the phyla discussed in lecture.

4. Phylum Porifera Porifera: latin porus (pore) and Greek fera (bearing)
Sponges
Greater than 9,000 species of sponges
All aquatic, most marine species
Pigmentation can be due to symbiotic algae
Suspension feeders
Adults are stationary, larvae are motile
Asymmetrical, body organized as a collection of specialized cells

5. Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals ~10000 species
All aquatic-most marine
One opening digestive system
Exhibit radial symmetry
Body parts arranged around an imaginary axis
2 distinct body forms
Polyp-stationary, example: sea anemones
Medusa-free-floating, example: jellyfish
Some species exist as both forms in a lifetime
Carnivorous:
Stinging cells called cnidocytes
Used for capturing prey and protection

6. Phylum Cnidaria Aurelia Jellyfish
Cnidaria Fact: Praya (a deep sea hydrozoa) can reach lengths of 120 feet!

7. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Includes ~ species
Two general categories:
Free living and parasitic
All have flattened bodies & exhibit bilateral symmetry with a head and a tail
Centralized nervous system
One opening digestive system
Platyhelminthes Fact: The longest flatworm ever found was 90 foot long tapeworm.

8. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms
Currently ~ identified species, could be close to half a million
Bilaterally symmetrical
Can be free-living or parasitic
Free living: Can eat other nematodes, microorganisms, or decaying organic material
Parasitic: Can feed on animals (including humans) or plants

9. Phylum Annelida Segmented worms ~15000 species
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
Body consists of head, segmented body, and terminal portion
Common groups:
Polychaetes: largest group, marine
Leeches: carnivorous or parasitic
Earthworms: feed on decaying organic matter

10. Phylum Molusca ~150000 identified species
Mollusks are organized into three classes:
Gastropods: snails, slugs
Cephalopods: squids, octopus
Bivalve: clams, oysters
Many different ways of acquiring food
Fast swimming predators, passive suspension feeders, herbivores, parasites
All mollusks possess a soft body, a foot (for movement), gills, mouth, and anus. Most have a grasping organ called a radula.

11. Phylum Arthropoda Over 1.1 Million species, most species rich phylum
85% of all animals are arthropods
75% of all animals are insects.
Exoskeleton comprised of chitin:
Tough, flexible polysaccharide provides protection and prevents dehydration
Exoskeleton cannot grow, must be shed and a larger one is grown, “molting”
Arthropoda refers to “jointed appendages”
Members of this phyla: crustaceans, arachnids, and insects

12. Phylum Echinodermata 6000 species
All marine and are have radial symmetry as adults
Examples: Sea stars, brittle stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea apples
Locomotion by water vascular system
Water pressure is varied causing ‘tube feet’ to extend or retract
Many are carnivorous:
Will feed on stationary or
slowly moving invertebrates

13. Phylum Chordata A few invertebrates and all vertebrates All possess:
A hollow, dorsal nerve chord, notochord, gill structures, post-anal tail, segmented muscles
Vertebrate chordates:
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Chordata Fact: Less than 5% of the animals that have ever lived on Earth have backbones.

14. Grasshopper Dissection
Structures to identify:
External: body segments, wings, leg parts, cuticle, exoskeleton, sclerites, tympanum, spiracles, cercus, ocellus, labrum, palps, maxilla, mandible, determine if male or female
Internal: brain, crop, intestine, rectum, anus, ovary, heart, hemocoel, hemolymph
Structures to identify