1. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux1 A A web-services approach to modeling global methane flux Warren Wood 1, Richard Owens 1, John Sample 1, Joe Calantoni 1, Tom Boyd 2, WooYoel Jung 2, Richard Coffin 2 1 U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 2 U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. Funding through Naval Research Laboratory Base Program (6.1)

2. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux2 Q. What are web (enabled) services? A. Relatively new computer science constructs that allow interoperability of data and data processing. Q. How will this help us quantify methane flux? A. This allows us to build an earth model whose components are continually updated by experts in the community. Server Clients

3. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux3 Web Feature, Coverage Services Many datasets are in a repository or otherwise "available on the web" What does this mean? Are the data a JPEG image?, zipped bitmap image? ASCII flat file? Web enabled service – In our case, a Java interface that allows almost any data set to be machine accessible via the web – Descriptions of the kind and structure of the data (metadata) are included in the Java code. Data are served via the web. (Web Feature Service) data, in any format; point, profile, section, etc. (Web Coverage Service) Gridded data, in any format; 2- D, 3-D, 4-D, etc. World Wide Web

4. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux4 Web Process Services Many earth science modeling algorithms (codes) are also are in a repository or otherwise "available on the web" If not in a machine accessible form, they are nearly useless. Web process service – In our case, a Java interface that allows almost any model to be accessed via the web – Descriptions of the inputs and outputs are embedded in the Java code. Numerical simulations (models) are served via the web. Processing one form of data into another (Web Process Service) My numerical simulation, in any code World Wide Web

5. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux5 How will Web Enabled Services Help Us Quantify CH4 Flux? They allow development of a Generic Earth Modeling System (GEMS) Like other topics in Earth Sciences, estimating methane generation, distribution, and flux requires many disparate capabilities (geophysics, bio-geochemistry, hydrology) and data types. A generic system allows experts to focus on their own data/models and not just share data, but actively collaborate by linking data and codes together over the web. Similar to a GIS, but layers can interact in sophisticated ways. Why should individuals contribute? Everyone gets "citation" credit, based on the frequency their contribution is accessed.

6. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux6 Where to Start ? Global estimate of Seafloor Carbon flux Data volumes of fundamental marine sediment properties (with of latitude, longitude and depth) Pressure (bathymetry, fraction lithostatic) Temperature (ocean climatology, geothermal gradient) Porosity (Athy: porosity at seafloor, characteristic length) Fluid Flux (compaction, sedimentation rate) Concentration of fluid Carbon (CO2, CH4) Transport (gas, hydrology)

7. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux7 Example of 1-D Seep Potential Modeling (simplest parts) Seafloor Temperature (e.g. Levitus) Sediment Thickness (e.g. Laske) Water Depth (e.g. Smith and Sandwell) Sed. Temp. (e.g. Pollack) CRUST SEDIMENT OCEAN Hydrostatic Lithostatic T(z) and P(z) control methanogenesis, solubility, phase  mobility Temperature  Pressure  CRUST SEDIMENT OCEAN

8. CRUST SEDIMENT OCEAN Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux8 Example of 1-D Seep Potential Modeling (less simple parts) Porosity (  ) Age Porosity affects thermal properties, Age controls methanogenesis Porosity =  max to  o Age =0 to crustal age OCEAN CRUST SEDIMENT Crustal Age (e.g. Muller 2008)  max oo

9. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux 9 Web Services Client (user) requests Data/Process Data sets are created by: 1) Observations 2) Processing existing data - including Interpolation/Extrapolation Process Inputs are: 1) One or more data sets and/or 2) List of runtime parameters Process Outputs are: 1) One or more data sets 2) List of output parameters Data (e.g. Bathy – pressure) Desktop, Laptop, iphone? Data (e.g. Seafloor Temperature) Data (e.g. Sediment Temperature) Process (e.g. Calculate hydrate stability zone thickness) Process (e.g. simulate thermogenic methane production) Web Feature/Coverage Service Web Process Service

10. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux 10 Web Process Service Models and data 1) For our project data/models must be transparent (open source, no proprietary black boxes). Data/models from our system may be merged with proprietary data/models behind a firewall. 2) Data/models may run on any computer (UNIX, Windows, Mac) using any code (MATLAB, FORTRAN C, BASIC, JAVA, etc.) as long as they have a JAVA wrapper. (we are currently working on a "scientist-friendly" series of wrappers to distribute )

11. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux11 Generic Earth Modeling Systems approach Gridded carbon flux estimate Calculate Carbon Flux BathymetryClimatologyGeoth. Grad. Grid or re-grid data to 2x2 minute e.g. Web Feature Service, Web Coverage Service Web Process Service BathymetryClimatologyGeoth. Grad. … … Web Coverage Service Web Coverage Service, Web Mapping Service Web Process Service

12. Seafloor Temperature NRL - Web-Services Approach to Carbon Flux12 Example: Gas Hydrate Stability Zone thickness Geospatial Inputs Bathymetry Calculate Pore Pressure Pressure vs. Depth Depth to base of HSZ Sediment Thickness Geothermal gradient Calculate Methane Hydrate stability zone (HSZ) HSZ thickness Geospatial Outputs CH4 Capacity of HSZ Calculate Pore volume in HSZ Calculate CH4 Solubility f(PT) Thermal Conductivity Empirical Relations Temp. vs. Depth Calculate CH4 Capacity Calculate Pore Temperature Processes Models Databases Calculate Porosity vs. Depth Temp. Press. CH4 Conc. Porespace

13. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux13 Calculated result can be served up in Google Earth (demonstrations available after the talk)

14. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux14 Isotopic evidence shows low flux seepage contains CO 2, not methane Recently Discovered Phenomenon - CH4 Derived CO2 Methane converted to CO 2 via anaerobic oxidation of methane and other processes Including this effect requires a model of increased seep potential to include CO 2 as well as CH 4. Pohlman, Nature Geoscience, 2010

15. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux15 Potential Collaborations The GEO 2012-2015 Work Plan include a specific task on Carbon dedicated to contribute to the achievement of the 2015 GEOSS climate strategic target, namely the CL-02-C1: Integrated Global Carbon Observation and Analysis System. This task aims at developing a comprehensive global carbon observation system integrated across the atmosphere, land and ocean (including anthropogenic) domains, providing both improved estimates of carbon budget at different scales (from global to regional/national and reliable information and products for decision-makers, improving global observation networks of CO2, CH4, isotope ratios and exchange fluxes, developing an integrated carbon-cycle data assimilation system. TOTAL FUNDS: 8.6 M€ of which 6.6 M€ from EC

16. Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux16 Potential Collaborations

17. Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Opinions? Web Services, Generic Earth Modeling System, CH4 Flux17