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Published byJunior Guiler Modified over 9 years ago
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Where two bones interconnect 400 + joints Approximately 230 movable and semi-movable joints The structure of a joint determines the type and amount of movement that may occur Functions Give the skeleton mobility Hold the skeleton together
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The three structural classifications are: Immovable (synarthrosis) Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) Freely movable (diarthrosis) or synovial joint
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The bones are close together and may interlock Extremely strong joints There is no joint movement Figure 8.1a Examples: 1.Suture – skull 2.Binds the teeth to bony sockets in jaw 3.Bridge between two articulating bones (first pair of ribs and the sternum)
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Permits movement Stronger than a freely movable joint Articulating bones are connected by cartilage or collagen fibers Example: articulation between the two pubic bones Figure 8.2a
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Permit a wider range of motion Typically located at the ends of long bones Examples: upper and lower limbs
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Synovial joints all have the following: Articular cartilage Joint (synovial) cavity Articular capsule Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments Figure 8.3a
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The surfaces of the articular cartilage are slick and smooth Articular cartilages are separated by a thin film of synovial fluid How are these two features important when it comes to movement?
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Synovial Fluid – lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption Cartilage – shock absorption, subdivide Fat Pads – protection, packing material Ligaments – support, strength Tendons – limit ROM, support Bursae – reduce friction, shock absorption
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Muscle attachment across a joint Origin – attachment to the immovable bone Insertion – attachment to the movable bone Nonaxial – slipping movements only Uniaxial (monaxial) – movement in one plane Biaxial – movement in two planes Multiaxial – movement in or around all three planes
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Based on the shapes of the articular surfaces Each type of joint permits a different type and range of motion Types: Gliding Hinge Pivot Condylar Saddle Ball and socket
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Gliding (Plane) joints Articular surfaces are essentially flat Allow only slipping or gliding movements Examples: clavicle, carpals, tarsals, sacrum-iliac Figure 8.7a
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Hinge joints Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another Motion is along a single plane Examples: elbow, knee, ankle, and interphalangeal joints Figure 8.7b
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Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another Permit only rotation Examples: joint between the axis and the dens (neck), and the proximal radioulnar joint Figure 8.7c
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Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another Biaxial joints permit movement around two axes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints Figure 8.7d
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Similar to condyloid joints but with greater movement Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface Allows circumduction but prevents rotation Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Figure 8.7e
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A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints Examples: shoulder and hip joints Figure 8.7f
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