1. The Appendicular Skeleton, Articulations and Movement
Ex. 11 & 13
The Appendicular Skeleton, Articulations and Movement

2. Important figures & quiz knowledge
All figures and tables are important to know & understand
Don’t forget: next week is the practical exam
Practical review:
Friday, 10/2
SC 115
2-5 PM
3 classes overlapping (I will be going back and forth)

3. Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones
64 bones in upper limbs and pectoral girdle
Shoulder girdle functional aspects
Attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles
Clavicle/ collarbone – sternal end attaches to sternal manubrium.  (Figure 11.2, p147)
Acromial end - articulates with scapula & holds arm away from the top of the thorax
Scapulae/ shoulder blades – have no directs attachment to the axial skeleton but is loosely held in place by the trunk muscles. (Figure 11.2, p147)
Spine - deltoid muscle attachment
Acromion process – connects with the clavicle
Coracoid process – serves as attachment point for some of the upper limb muscles
Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone – humerus
The Arm
Humerus – long bone. (Figure 11.3, p148)
Head – fits into the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
Greater and lesser tubercles - attachemnt for biceps muscles
The Forearm (Figure 11.4, page 149)
Radius - lateral bone of the forearm
Ulna - medial bone of the forearm
Radial notch – articulates with the head of the radius
The Hand – manus (Figure 11.5, page 150)
Three groups of bones:
Carpus – wrist.  8 carpal bones
Metacarpals – palm: numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb.  
Phalanges – fingers: numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb
14 bones
Each finger contains three phalanges except for the thumb which has only two

10. Appendicular skeleton: 126 bones
62 bones in lower limbs and pelvic girdle
The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle (Figure 11.6, pages 151-2)
Formed by two coxal bones (2 fused bones)
Bones are heavy and massive, and attach securely to the axial skeleton
Sockets for the heads of the femurs (thigh bones) are deep and heavily reinforced by ligaments to ensure a stable, strong attachment
Ability to bear weight is more important than mobility and flexibility
Combined weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Each coxal bone is a result of the fusion of three bones:
Ilium – large flaring bone
Ischium – “sit – down” bone
Pubis - anterior poertion of the coxal bone
All three bones fuse at the deep hemispherical socket – acetabulum, which receives the head of the thigh bone
Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves  (Table 11.1, page 153)
Bones of males: usually larger, heavier, and have more prominent bone markings
Female pelvis reflects modifications for childbearing
Wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder
The Leg (Figure 11.8, page 155)
Tibia - larger & medial bone
Fibula - parallel to the tibia
The Foot (Figure 11.9, page 156)
7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals (instep), 14 phalanges (toes)
Body weight is concentrated on two largest tarsals
Calcaneus  - heel bone
Talus – b/n tibia and calcaneus
Each toe has three phalanges except the great toe, which has two
The Arches
The foot has two important functions: weight bearing and propulsion. These functions require a high degree of stability and flexibility
The foot has three arches
Medial longitudinal arch is the highest and most important of the three arches. It is composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals
Lateral longitudinal arch is lower and flatter than the medial arch. It is composed of the calcaneus, cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsal
Transverse arch is composed of the cuneiforms, the cuboid, and the five metatarsal bases
Arches are maintained by the shapes of the bones as well as by ligaments and tendons

18. Articulations Articulations – joints, bone – bone contact Function:
Hold bones together
Allow flexibility so that body movements can occur
Functional classification (based on amount of movement) (p. 170, Fig 13.1)
Synarthroses – immovable joints, ex.: sutures in the axial skeleton
Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints, ex.: vertebral disc, in the axial skeleton
Diarthroses – freely movable joints, ex.: synovial joints in the limbs

19. Structural classifications (based connective tissue type
Fibrous joint – joined by fibrous c.t., little or no movement
Suture – edges of bone interlock (ex.: skull)
Syndesmoses – bones connected by short ligaments (ex.: between distal ends of tibia and fibula)
Cartilaginous joint – articulating bone ends joined by cartilage plate or pad, slightly movable
Symphysis – fibrocartilage (ex.: pubic symphysis)
Synchondrosis – hyaline cartilage (ex.: epiphyseal plate)
Synovial joint – joined by joint cavity containing synovial fluid, freely movable (p. 171, Fig 13.2)

21. Subclassifications of synovial joints
Based on # of axes, joint shape, & allowable motion type
Classification of synovial joints by shape of joint, and type of motion allowed (p.172; 13.3):
Plane/gliding joint: the wrist
Bone surfaces slide across each other, allowing a wide range of movements
Hinge joint: elbow and ankles
Allow for flexion and extension
Pivot joint: the skull on its spinal axis
Movement is limited to rotation
Condyloid/ Ellipsoid joint: structurally similar to a ball and socket joint but without rotation
Saddle joint: the thumb
Bone surfaces are concave, allowing movement in all direction but only limited rotation
Ball and Socket joint: the rounded head of one bone fits into a socket-like cavity of another, such as the hip and shoulder joints
Allow free rotation
Classification of synovial joints by the number of axes
Nonaxial joint - movement tends to be linear rather than angular
Joint surfaces flat and glide over one another instead of around
ex.: carpal bones
Uniaxial joint - movement in one plane around one axis
Move like a door hinge
ex.: elbow joint and interphalangeal joints of hand and foot
Pivot joint - bone pivots around another bone
ex.:  radius pivots around stationary ulnar, also atlantoaxial joint C1 (atlas) pivots around stationary C2(axis) on the odontoid process
Biaxial joint - motion occurs in two different axis in two planes
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) –metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers or toes
Saddle – carpometacarpal joints at thumb
Triaxial/ multiaxial joint - motion in all three axes
ex.: ball and socket - hip and shoulder
More motion than any other type of joint

24. Movements of synovial joints
Flexion
Sagittal plane
Decreases joint angle & distance betw. articulated bones
Extension
Opp. flexion
Increases joint angle & distance betw. bones
Abduction
Frontal plane
Movement of limb away from midline or median plane
Adduction
Opp. abduction
Movement toward midline or median plane
Rotation
Movement of bone around its own logitudinal axis w/o lateral or medial displacement
Circumduction: combination of previously listed movements (except rotation)
Pronation: movement of palm from anterior or superior position to a posterior or inferior position
Supination: opp. of pronation
Inversion: medial turning of sole of foot
Eversion: opp. of inversion
Dorsiflextion: movement of ankle joint dorsally
Plantar flexion: movement of ankle joint ventrally