1. Chapter 10 Maintaining Behavior Changes

2. Relapses in Behavior behavior can regress after goals have been attained a relapse is an extended return to original patterns of behavior relapse often occurs when commitment is low relapses can follow many types of treatment

3. Why Relapses Occur relapses may occur when one encounters antecedents associated with the problem behavior relapses are more likely if the new behavior is not firmly established self-efficacy factors may play a role in relapses

4. Thinning Reinforcement help prevent relapse by thinning reinforcement thinning is accomplished by applying schedules of reinforcement schedules of reinforcement reduce the number of responses reinforced or increase the time interval between reinforcers thinning should be introduced gradually enough to prevent extinction

5. Schedules of Reinforcement intermittent reinforcement schedules reinforce only some behaviors ratio schedules reinforce based on the number of responses that occur –fixed-ratio schedules define a constant number of required responses –variable-ratio schedules vary the number of responses that must occur

6. Schedules of Reinforcement (continued) interval schedules reinforce the first response after a period of time has passed –fixed-interval schedules reinforce the first response after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcer was delivered –variable-interval schedules reinforce the first response after varying periods of time since the last reinforcer was delivered

7. Schedules of Reinforcement (continued) duration schedules require that a behavior occur for a period of time before being reinforced schedules can be combined to create more complex schedules of reinforcement

8. Intermittent Reinforcement

9. Effects of Ratio Schedules ratio schedules maintain high rates of responding variable-ratio schedules maintain higher rates than fixed-ratio schedules Fixed-ratio schedules maintain a post- reinforcement pause generally, as response requirements increase, so do rates of responding too high a requirement causes ratio strain

10. Fixed Ratio Schedule Patterns

11. Variable Ratio Schedule Patterns

12. Effects of Interval Schedules interval schedules maintain moderate rates of responding fixed-interval schedules maintain rates that accelerate through each interval variable interval schedules maintain consistent, moderate rates through each interval fixed-interval schedules maintain a “scalloped” pattern of responding

13. Fixed Interval Schedule Patterns

14. Variable Interval Schedule Patterns

15. Intermittent Reinforcement and Extinction extinction seems to create greater resistance to extinction than CRF animal research by Nevin suggests the opposite is true variable schedules are more resistant to extinction than fixed schedules of reinforcement

16. Delaying Reinforcement delays in reinforcement interfere with acquisition of behavior after a behavior is established, the introduction of brief delays may serve to strengthen behavior such delays make behavior more resistant to extinction

17. Increasing Natural Reinforcement: Applying Natural Reinforcers reinforcers that naturally occur in the individual's life assist in the transition from treatment to the real world assess available reinforcers in the individual's everyday environment social reinforcers such as praise are a class of common real-world reinforcers

18. Increasing Natural Reinforcement: Applying Natural Reinforcers (continued) seek environments that provide opportunities to successfully engage in acquired skills increase likelihood that appropriate consequences are available to maintain the new skills

19. Increasing Natural Reinforcers: Training when the environment can not support the new behavior, the individual and those in the environment can be taught more appropriate responses target individuals can be trained to find ways to be reinforced in some environments, others can be taught to use tokens and social reinforcers in some environments, others can be trained in behavioral techniques

20. Training with Everyday Antecedents intervention and natural conditions should be made more similar fade prompts that will not be present in the natural environment conduct some of the treatment in the natural environment bring aspects of the natural environment into the therapy setting

21. Widening Stimulus Control steps that widen stimulus control tend to promote generalization increase the variety of individuals, materials, or settings general case training is a more formalized approach to widening stimulus control –specify the exact situation in which behavior should occur after training

22. Widening Stimulus Control (continued) –identify a range of teaching examples that reflect the natural settings where behavior should occur –teach the examples general case training is one of the most effective generalization procedures

23. Enhancing Self-Regulation Skills enhancement of self-regulation skills may best promote generalization self-regulation skills help in generalization of social skills self-regulation skills help in reduction of fears

24. General Procedures to Enhance Generalization generalization programs can benefit from a combination of: fading prompts widening stimulus control thinning reinforcement self-regulation training

25. Posttreatment Programs booster programs offer refresher sessions Marlatt's lapse prevention method teaches relapse prevention in three steps: –learn to identify high-risk situations –acquire coping skills –practice coping skills in high-risk settings

26. Tips on Maintaining Behavior Change focus interventions on behavior that will be useful in the person's natural environment associate new behaviors with antecedents common to the natural environment monitor behavior carefully when introducing new treatments thin to a variable schedule of reinforcement

27. Tips on Maintaining Behavior Change (continued) assess potential natural reinforcers prior to completion of intervention target behaviors should be applicable to everyday life