1. METO 621 CHEM LESSON 5

2. Air Pollution

5. London Killer Smog

6. SMOG Word coined by Dr. Harold Des Veaux, a London physician in 1903. SMOKE + FOG = SMOG He meant London smog – sulfurous fumes from coal burning + large water droplets formed around smoke particles (soot) 1952 – Killer smog – 4000 deaths. Another episode in 1956 led to 1000 deaths. In 1940 vegetable crop damage began to be seen in the Los Angeles basin Haagen-Smit and colleagues showed that the effect was due to ozone – VOC and NO x

7. Schematic of ozone production from VOC

8. SMOG NEEDS Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides Strong sunlight to start reactions Warm temperatures to maintain reactions – the higher the temperature the faster the rate. Peak ozone will be close to peak temperature – afternoon

9. Standards Ozone: 1-hour 125 ppbv*, 8-hour 85 ppbv – The 8-hour standard is much more stringent, and encompasses many areas where transport is the only issue (e.g Shenandoah National Park) PM 2.5 : daily 65  g/m 3, yearly 15  g/m 3 – Most areas will have trouble only with the annual standard Visibility: a 60+ year glide path back to “natural conditions” *parts per billion by volume

10. Ozone isopleths (NMHC vs NO x )

11. Ozone vs NO x for NHMC=0.6 ppmc

12. Overall scheme for air pollution

13. Dispersion of acid rain

14. The acid scale

15. Natural levels of Acidity in Rain Carbon dioxide dissolves in the rain drop CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(aq) ↔ H 2 CO 3 (aq) Henry’s Law states that [H 2 CO 3 ] = K H P(CO 2 ) K H = 3.4E-2 M ATM -1 In the liquid some of the H 2 CO 3 ionizes H 2 CO 3 (aq) ↔ H + (aq) + HCO 3 - (aq) This reaction has an equilibrium constant of 4.2E-7 M -3 For the overall reaction CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(aq) ↔ H + (aq) + HCO 3 (aq) The equilibrium constant Kc is 1.43E-8 M 2.ATM -1

16. Natural levels of Acidity in Rain in a liquid [H + ] = [HCO 3 - ] hence [H + ] 2 = K c P[CO 2 ] given that CO2 has a mixing ratio of 320 ppm we get [H + ] = 2.14E-6 and a pH of 5.67

18. pH of precipitation over the US

19. Acid rain Acid rain over the Eastern States is the highest – most of the sulfur containing coal occurs in this region Shaded areas in the figure show where granite is found. If the soil/rocks are carbonates (chalk, limestone) then the acid rain can be neutralized, and does not change the pH of the streams and lakes If the soil/rocks are granite then acid rain is not neutralized, and can also leach out the heavy metals. Thus the pH of the lakes and streams can be lowered, and the heavy metal concentration raised.

20. Sulfur Dioxide emissions

22. NO x emission inventory

23. VOC Emissions