1. PHARMACOLOGY CH.2 FPP Ch. 4, PT Ch. 7 and 18

2. Routes of Administration  The method that the drug is introduced into the body for absorption and distribution.  Factors affecting the chosen route: -Age -Physical state of patient -Medical condition -Time for desired results -Reduction of side effects

3. Oral Administration  Most common route  Most medications are available as this route  Includes: tablets, capsules, caplets, liquids, emulsions.  Advantages of oral administration: - Readily available - Less Expense - Safe, convenient, easily stored - Available in immediate or extended release - Easy to use

4. Oral Administration Cont.  Disadvantages: -Limited ability to swallow i.e. unconscious, ventilated, or digestive issues - Take longer to provide effect - Limited age use  Enteric coated drugs can help prevent irritation and increase compliance.  Chewable tablets are more readily available to aid in age limitations  Buccal and Sublingual are formulations that decrease time needed for effectiveness.

6. Transdermals.  Medication administered across the skin  AKA “percutaneous”  Two types of patches: -patch that has a controlled rate of delivery to the skin and bloodstream -patch that is designed so the skin controls the rate of delivery  Examples: Ortho Evra, Transderm Scop, Duragesic, Nicoderm.

7. Inhalations  Inhaled medications in a gas, liquid, or powder form, administered through the mouth directly to the lungs.  Most common condition: Asthma  Intranasal medications: inhaled through the nose.  Provides fast relief of symptoms, usually congestion  Nasal medications reach the bloodstream more quickly than oral route

8. Transderm and Inhalation

9. Rectal and Vaginal  Rectal administration is absorbed into the lower gastrointestinal tract  Can be solid, liquid, semisolid, aerosol.  Inserted into the vagina for absorption and distribution  Dosage forms include solutions, suppositories, tablets, creams, ointments

10. Parenterals  Four injection routes: subsutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal  Quick absorption and distribution, rate of delivery can be fast also  Disadvantage: fear, infection at injection site, and sometimes time consuming  Dosage forms: suspensions, solutions, and emulsions

11. Parenterals cont.  Subcutaneous- AKA hypodermic injection, injected under the skin  Intravenous- most common, injection into the vein  Intramuscular- injection into the muscle, slower absorption than IV  Others: implant(under the skin), intra-arterial, intraarticular, intracardiac, intraderaml, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraventricular, intraventricular, intravesicular, intravitreous, intrathecal

12. Topicals  Applications are administered externally  Used to cool, soothe, dry, cleanse, disinfect, and protect the skin  Dosage forms: ointments, creams, lotions and emulsions

13. Otic/Ophthalmic  Otic: administered into the ear canal  Usually to treat infection, inflammation, and wax build-up. Either a solution or suspension  Ophthalmic: administered into the eye  Dosage forms: solution, suspension, ointment, gel  Quicker relief of symptoms then oral medications

14. Drugs Classification  Based on: -Chemical ingredients -method drug is used -the organ treated  Two major groupings: -Therapeutic Usefulness -Pharmacologically

15. Classifications and Subclassifications  Analgesic -narcotic -nonnarcotic -antirheumatic  Antiinfectives -antifungals -antivirals -cephalosporins -macrolides -penicillins  Antineoplastics  Cardiovascular -antihypertensives -anithyperlipidemic -beta blocker -calcium channel blocker -diurectics -ACE inhibitors  Central Nervous System -antianxiety -antidepressant -antipsychotic -stimulants -hypnotics

16. Class continued.  Endocrine -androgen -anabolic -corticosteroids -estrogens -progestins -thyroid  Gastrointestinals -antidiarrheals -antimetics -laxatives  Hematological -anticoagulants -hemostatics  Neuromuscular -anticonvulsant -skeletal muscle relaxants  Respiratory -antihistamines -antiasthmatics -decongestants

17. Pregnancy Categories CategoryDescription ANo known risk or harm to fetus BNo known risk in animal studies CStudies show risk DCause harm, but may prove benefit if now alternative XSignificant risk to women and fetus Pregnancy categories are determined based in the potential risk of harm to the unborn fetus.

18. Drug Names  Generic is written in lowercase letters and describes the active ingredient  Brand/Trade is capitalized and is the name given by the pharmaceutical company that developed the drug.