1. electric cells  a simple electric cell consists of two different metal electrodes placed in an electrolyte  metals high up in the reactivity series give up electrons more readily; negative electrode in the cell  metals low down in the reactivity series will be the positive electrode in the cell  voltage of electric cell depends on the positions of the two metals in the reactivity series; the farther apart they are, the higher the voltage  use of electric cell: portable energy such as batteries portable energy: batteries a simple electric cell

2. electric cells a simple electric cell voltmeter - + zinc metal (negative electrode) copper metal (positive electrode) NaC l (aq)  consists of pieces of Cu and Zn metals in a solution of NaC l  zinc being more reactive than Cu is the negative electrode; Cu metal is the positive electrode

3. electric cells a simple electric cell  at the Zn electrode, Zn atoms give up electrons to form Zn 2+ ions Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e -  at the Cu electrode, Cu 2+ ions take in electrons to give Cu atoms Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e - Cu (s)  overall reaction Zn (s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

4. reactive metals copper electrolyte electroplating moving ions cathode electrolysis gives electrons to are produced at battery form takes electrons from is negative electrode in anode negative ions non-metalsanions are are discharged at is positive electrode in form positive ions metals or H 2 cations are produced at are discharged at are aluminium is used to extract an example is is used to refine decomposes is used in an example is Cr-plating carry the current in contains ioniccompound(molten/solution) is