1. INTERNATIONAL AND CULTURAL ASPECT OF LEADERSHIP
Amir Akbar

2. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Individualism / Collectivism
Individualism
People give priority to their own interest, more concern with own career ( USA, CANADA, UK)
Collectivism
Top priority to group and society, greater concern about organization (Japan, Hong Kong, Mexico and Greece etc.)

3. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Power distance
High Power distance
Boss makes decision, group member readily comply (France, Spain, Japan, Mexico)
Lower Power distance
Accept direction when convinced (Israel, Ireland, USA, Germany)

4. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Uncertainty Avoidance
Lower uncertainty Avoidance
People accept unknown and tolerate risk.
Not afraid to face unknown(USA, Canada Austria)
High Uncertainty avoidance.
Society contain majority of people who want predictable and certain futures (Japan, Italy, Israel, Argentine)

5. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Masculinity / Femininity
Masculinity:
Refers to an emphasis on assertiveness and acquisition of money and material objects. De-emphasizes caring for others. Japan Italy.
Femininity:
Refers to an emphasis on personal relationships, concern for others and high quality life Sweden, Denmark.

6. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Long Term / Short term Orientation
Long Term :
Have long time perspective, do not demand quick return on investments (Pacific Rim Countries)
Short Term :
Demand immediate result (USA, Canada)

7. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Formality / Informality
Formality.
Country attaches considerable importance to a tradition, ceremony, social rules etc (Latin America)
Informality :
Refers to casual attitude toward traditions etc
(USA –Canadian people)

8. Key Dimensions Of Differences In Cultural Values
Urgent Time /
Casual Time
How much importance given to time
Urgent time :
People perceive time as an scare asset and tend to be impatient (USA imposes dead lines)
Casual time :
People view time as an ultimate and unending resources and tend to be patient (Asians, Middle East)

9. Dimensions of individual values
Individualism
Collectivism
High power distance
Low power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity
Femininity
Long term orientation
Short term orientation
Informality
Formality
Urgent time orientation
Casual time orientation

10. Understanding Cultural Environment
Organizations are no longer limited to national borders.

11. Understanding Cultural Environment
BMW (German Company) making cars in South Carolina.
MCDonald sells burger all around the world
Toyota makes cars in Kentucky

12. Understanding Cultural Environment
General Motors makes cars in Brazil
Mercedeze Sports cars are made in Alabama

13. Understanding Cultural Environment
Siemens, Motorola, Nokia sells its products all around the world.

14. Understanding Cultural Environment
Siemens, Motorola, Nokia sells its products all around the world.

15. Understanding Cultural Environment
All countries have different values, morals, political and economic system and laws.
More appropiate way is to recognize the cultural dimensions of a country enviornment.
In US individualistic society, in Japan people care for all individual.

16. Understanding Cultural Environment
Managers should have understanding of the culture of the areas around the globe in which they may send employees
They should also develop mechanism that will help multicultural individuals to work together.

17. Changing World of Technology
25 years ago no one had a
Fax Machine
Mobile Phone
Internet

18. Changing World of Technology
Silicon Chip has changed the whole future.
The first wave was agriculture. 19th Century (1890s) 90% of people were employed in agriculture-related jobs.
The second wave was industrialization. Societies moved from agriculture to industrial society,

19. Cultural Sensitivity Leaders , while attempting to influence others
Must be alert to possible cultural differences
Must acquire knowledge about local customs
Must be patient, adaptable, flexible , willing to learn & listen
Learn to speak native language
Portray why people of another culture act as they do
Knowledge of cultural sensitivity helps in making better relationship with other people

20. Cultural Sensitivity Language : Essential to understand each other
To know and understand why people of another culture
act as they do leader should be watchful about :
Language : Essential to understand each other
Religion : Religion dominates life in many countries
Work Habits : In some culture people are unwilling to
spend personal time on work
Women’s Roles : Women do not have similar
independence or access to education and higher level jobs
Personal Appearance and Behaviour : Grooming,
eating habits, non-verbal communication

21. MANAGING FOR DIVERSITY
Corporate success, profit and growth depend increasingly on the management of a diverse workforce
Business has also become increasingly global
Modern leader therefore must be multicultural

22. Managing For Diversity
For diverse workforce ethical and social responsibility
goals are required
Ethics :
Fair treatment is considered morally right by deontological view
Deontological approach : Based on universal principles of honesty, fairness, justice and respect for person and property
Such leaders feel compelled to use merit for making HR decisions

23. Managing For Diversity
For diverse workforce ethical and social responsibility
goals are required
Social responsibility :
Social responsibility and ethics relate to goodness and morality of leader and organization
For organizations, it is the impact on society beyond doing what is ethical or legal

24. Thanks