1. Inside Earth Chapter 2.1 Pages 54-61
Earth’s Crust
in Motion
Inside Earth Chapter 2.1
Pages 54-61

2. Stress(ed)?
Stress is the measure of the amount of force applied to a given area.

3. Effect on Rocks
Stress is the force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume
Adds energy to the rock.

4. Deformation
Deformation: Any change in the shape or volume of Earth’s crust (caused by stress)
Crust deforms from the force of plates colliding
Transform boundaries.

5. Where is the Deformation?

6. Relieving Stress Over time, stress builds up in the plates
Eventually, the stress is released…

7. Earthquake!

8. Earthquakes
The shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface.
Releases MASSIVE amounts of energy
Generates seismic waves

9. Compression Definition: Squeezing Effect on Rock:
Makes rock layers thicker and shorter
Associated Fault Type: 
Reverse Fault
Associated Plate Boundary:
Convergent Boundary

10. Tension Definition: Pulling apart Effect on Rock:
Stretches making rocks longer and thinner
Associated Fault Type: 
Normal Fault
Associated Plate Boundary:
Divergent Boundary

11. Shear Definition: Moving in opposite directions Effect on Rock:
Think of shears or scissors
Effect on Rock:
Stress distorts the shapes of rocks.
Associated Fault Type: 
Strike-Slip
Associated Plate Boundary:
Transform

12. Faults A fault is a break in the lithosphere
Usually occur along plate boundaries, where the motions of plates compress, pull or shear the crust so much that the crust breaks.
3 Types of Faults
Strike Slip Fault
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault

13. Hanging Wall
Above the fault plane.
Hanging (head) Wall
Foot Wall

14. Foot Wall
Below the fault plane
Hanging (head) Wall
Foot Wall

15. Which Wall’s Which?
Hanging Wall
Lantern
Foot Wall
Path

16. What about the surfaces causes friction?
Friction along Faults
How rocks move determines how much friction there is between opposite sides of the fault
Friction: a force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another
What about the surfaces causes friction?
It exist because surfaces are not perfectly smooth.

17. Normal Fault Force: Tension (diverging)
Hanging wall: Moves down (with gravity)

18. Reverse Fault Force: Compression (converging)
Hanging wall: Moves up (against gravity)

19. Strike-Slip Fault Force: Shear (transform)
Rocks on both sides of the fault slide past each other

21. Landforms Topography: determined by its elevation, relief and landform
All landforms have elevation and relief
A landform region is an area where the topography is similar.

22. Elevation
The height above sea-level on Earth’s surface.

23. Relief
The difference between the highest point of elevation and the lowest parts of an area
have high relief
low relief.
Mountains
Plains

24. Plateaus Have high elevation and relief
Perfectly smooth on top
May be really thick (1,500m), streams or rivers can cut through.

25. Plains
Flat or gently rolling land with low relief and varying elevation.
Depends on location…
Coastal Plains have low elevation at or near sea level along the coast.
Interior Plains are away from the coast, causing varied elevation.

26. Mountains A landform with high elevation and relief
Mountain Ranges are groups of mountains that are closely related in shape, structure and age.

27. Moraine Lake, CO Rockies

28. Himalayan Mountains, India

29. Mountains formed From Faulting
Normal Faults uplift blocks of rock and the hanging wall drops.

30. Mountains formed From Folding
When continental plates collide, stress can cause rock layers to fold.
Creates bends in the rock layers
Himalayas Mts.
Appalachian Mountains

31. Anticline A term used to describe folds in rocks
An arching fold in the rock layers or “apex”

32. of
the
Archways
World

33. Syncline
A downward pointing fold or “slump”

34. Anticline/Syncline

35. Anticline/Syncline

36. What to Work On Read Section 2.1 (pages 54-61)
Answer section review questions (page 61, #1-4)