1. Chapter 27 Section 4

2. Urban Poor: White Flight Millions middle-class white Americans fled cities for the suburbs Rural poor migrated into cities Urban crisis had direct impact on poor whites and nonwhites Cities lost the people, buinesses, the property they owned, and the income taxes they paid City could no longer maintain schools, transportation, police, and fire departments

3. Urban Poor: The Inner Cities Suburban America unaware of decaying inner cities Many refused to believe it

4. Urban Poor: Urban Renewal Most minorities had to live in dirty, crowded slums One solution was urban renewal National Housing Act of 1949 passed to provide a decent home for every American Called for tearing down rundown neighborhoods and constructing low-income housing Housing and Urban development Aid in improving conditions in the inner city Many displaced in the effort to build a better neighborhood and homes not given in place

5. Poverty Leads to Activism: Mexicans Many Mexicans became American citizens during the 19 th Century Large Numbers moved across the border after WWI WWII work shortage of agricultural labor inspired Mexican Braceros (hired hands) back into the U.S. When employment ended they were expected to return to Mexico Many remained in the U.S. illegally and more entered the country illegally to escape Mexico’s poor conditions

6. Poverty Leads to Activism: Longoria The Longoria Incident: The Burial of Felix Longoria Mexican-American war hero killed in Philippines Undertaker refused to provide family with funeral services M.A. veterans organized the G.I. Forum and Ignacio Lopez founded the Unity League of California register M.A. voters to promote candidates who would represent their interests

7. From the passage of the Dawes Act in 1887, until 1934, the policy of federal government toward Native Americans had been one of “Americanization” and assimilation. 1924 Snyder Act granted citizenship to all Native Americans but they still remained second class citizens. 1934 Indian Reorganization Act moved official policy away from assimilation toward Native American autonomy.

8. 1944 they established the National Congress of American Indians. National Congress of American Indians had two goals: 1) To ensure for Native Americans the same civil rights as White Americans. 2) To enable Native Americans on reservation to retain their own customs.

9. Termination Policy-eliminated federal economic support, discontinued the reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans. In response the Bureau of Indian Affairs began a voluntary relocation program to help Native Americans resettle in cities.

10. Bureau of Indian Affairs help Native Americans helped relocate 35,000 Native Americans to urban areas. Native Americans were unable to find jobs in their new locations because of poor training and racial prejudice. 1963 Termination policy was abandoned.