1. Chapter 16 Cornell Notes Key

2. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Reconstruction: Period of rebuilding after the Civil War
Although Texas had been spared, much of South lay in ruins
Money was scarce

3. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Juneteenth
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863: Freed slaves in the Confederate South
General Gordon Granger: June 19, 1865, troops landed in Galveston and their first act was to issue a proclamation declaring that all enslaved Texans were free (this was 2 years after the Emancipation Proclamation)
Juneteenth: Holiday was a time to “express to young and old the fact that African Americans are proud of their past, present, and future contributions to American society.

4. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Two Presidential Plans
Nullify – cancel
President Abraham Lincoln
President Andrew Johnson
Wanted to restore the union as quickly as possible
Reconstruction policy “with malice toward none, with charity toward all”
Modeled his plan after Lincoln
Set up provisional governments in Southern states
All Southern states must nullify slavery to be readmitted into Union
Oath of allegiance
Write new Constitutions and elect new representatives

5. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Governor Hamilton Works to Restore Statehood
Hamilton – Provisional Governor of Texas
His Goal: Return statehood to Texas as quickly and as peacefully as possible

6. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
The Freedmen’s Bureau Assists Freed Texans
Freedmen: Former slaved
Bureaus job: provide relief to the thousands of people who were left homeless after the war and to supervise the affairs of newly freed slaves in the Southern states and to manage Confederate lands seized
Oliver O. Howard: Headed Freedmen’s Bureau nationally
General G.M. Gregory: Headed the Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas

7. Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction
Government Restored in 1866
Fall of 1865: Texans elected delegates to the convention in Feb 1866 to write a new Constitution
Where: Austin
How Long: 2 Months
Finished version -
Secession was illegal
Slavery was abolished
State war debts were cancelled
Provided schools for African American children
Extended certain legal rights to African Americans
DID NOT give former slaves full legal status and the right to vote

8. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
Texas Elects Confederates to Office
Ratify – to approve
Amendments – changes to the Constitution
What troubling actions did Texas Legislatures take regarding the 13th and 14th Amendment?
Rejected them
13th Amendment – Abolished slavery
14th Amendment – Granted citizenship to former enslaved people
Black Codes: laws limiting the rights of African Americans, differed from state to state

9. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
Radical Republicans Take Charge
Radical Republicans: Republicans in Congress who disagreed with President Johnson
Radical Republican Plans
Set stricter standards for admitting the Southern states
Protect the freedmen in Southern states
Veto – an action refusing to approve a law
February 1868:
House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson by charging him with misconduct
President tried before Senate
Senate failed by one vote to convict him, but the rest of his term he had lost a lot of influence

10. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
New Requirements for Statehood
Major General Philip Sheridan: Commanded the district made up of Texas and Louisiana after Congress divided up the South into 5 districts
15th Amendment: Guaranteed African American men the right to vote and states also had to repeal with black codes

11. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
Southerners Oppose Reconstruction
Scalawags: Southern whites who supported Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who often came to South during the period of Reconstruction
African Americans and Unionists
Former Confederates and former Secessionists
Pleased these groups   
Believed it was too harsh

12. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
A New Constitution and Elections
Constitution of 1869
No one could be excluded from voting based on race and color
Provide more support for public education
Extended rights to African Americans
Protected public lands
Expanded power of governor and legislature
March 30, 1870: President Grant signed a proclamation that Reconstruction in Texas was ended

13. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
A Republican Governor
Edmund J. Davis ‘s term was viewed as the darkest period of Reconstruction by his opponents
Changes
Reactions
State Policy
Claims that police threatened opponents, resentment towards Tejanos and African Americans
Legislative Power
Claims that Davis used them to restrict opponents activities
Public Schools
Resentment of higher taxes

14. Section 2: Congress Takes Control
A Democratic Challenge
Worthwhile project completed during Davis’s Terms
Improved roads
Built forts
Passed new Homestead Act
Set up free public education
Richard Coke: Democratic candidate that ran for office when Davis ran for reelection in 1873
Outcome of election: Democrats win