1. KINGDOM MONERA Chpt. 18 “Bacteria”

2. Kingdom Monera  Commonly called bacteria  All monerans are unicellular  All monerans are prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organelles

3. Prokaryote Cell

4. Characteristics of Monera  Monera can be divided into two main groups: 1) Archaebacteria - “ancient” bacteria - live in extremely harsh conditions 2) Eubacteria - “true” bacteria

5. Archaebacteria (ancient)  Can be divided into 4 groups: 1. Methanogens “methane producers” 2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers” 3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals” 4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”

6. Methanogens  Produce methane  Live where there is no oxygen  Found in intestines of many mammals  Found in swamps – causes the “rotten egg” smell

7. Thermoacidophiles  Live in extremely hot and acidic waters  Often found in hot springs  Ex. Yellowstone National Park

8. Chemosynthesizers  Use inorganic compounds as source of energy (instead of sun)  Inorganic = compounds containing sulfur, iron, nitrogen (not carbon!)  Process called oxidation  Use energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food molecules  Live in harsh environments (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean floor)

9. Extreme Halophiles  “salt loving”  Live in water up to ten times saltier than sea water  Found in places like the Dead Sea

10. ARCHAEBACTERIA Methanogens  Live in oxygen free environments, produce methane (CH 4 ). Thermoacidophiles  Live in water than is very hot and acidic (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs Chemosynthesizers  Make carbohydrates using inorganic compounds as energy source, live in hot sulfur vents on ocean floor Extreme Halophiles  Live in extremely salty places, grow in water up to ten times saltier than the ocean

11. Eubacteria  Divided into three groups: 1. Gram-positive Bacteria 2. Gram-negative Bacteria 3. Cyanobacteria

12. Gram-positive  Have thick cells walls.  Turn purple when put through a special series of stains called “gram- staining.”  Includes a wide variety of bacteria such as those causing strep throat and tetanus (lockjaw).

13. Gram-negative  Have an extra layer of fat outside cell wall.  Appear pink after gram-staining.  Includes bacteria such as E.coli and the bacteria that causes whooping cough.

14. Gram-positive vs. negative

15. Cyanobacteria  Perform plant-like photosynthesis.  Release oxygen.  Used to be called “blue-green” algae (still commonly called that!).  Toxic to animals.

16. EUBACTERIA Gram-positive Bacteria  Have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex, turn purple when stained Gram-negative Bacteria  Have extra layer of lipid outside cell wall and turn pink after staining Cyanobacteria  Gram-negative monerans that perform photosynthesis (like plants) and release oxygen

17. Classifying Bacteria  3 main shapes: 1. Bacilli 1. Bacilli(rod-shaped) 2. Cocci (sphere-shaped) 3. Spirilla (corkscrew-shaped)

18. Why learn about Bacteria?  Some cause serious diseases:  Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease, bubonic plague, food-borne illnesses  Most are beneficial  Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make vitamins)  Break down dead organisms (decomposers)  Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics

19. KINGDOM MONERA ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA * * * Methanogens: * * Thermoacidophiles: * * Chemosynthesizers: * * Extreme Halophiles: * * Gram-positive: * * Gram-negative: * * Cyanobacteria: * *