2. Kiev – established by Vikings
Strong Byzantine influences
Conquered by Mongols in late 1230’s
Princes of Muscovy worked with Mongols to gain power
Ivan III (the Great) stopped tribute to Mongols in 1480

3. Ivan III established strong centralized government
Married niece of last Byzantine emperor – took title of Czar (Tsar)
Adopted Byzantine double-headed eagle as state emblem
Adopted pomp and ceremony of Byzantine court – called Russia “Third Rome”

4. Ivan III absorbed independent Novgorod (tied to Poland-Lithuania) into new state
To settle new territories, Ivan III used free peasant pioneers (Cossacks)
Cossacks played large role in the expansion of Russia
Focus of expansion was to the east - Furs

5. The Cossacks

6. The Growth of Russia from 1300 to 1584

7. Russia- Early Contact with the West
Western merchants established trade contacts
Italian artists & architects imported for royal and church buildings
Russia looked to the West as example for court life
Russia selectively copied Western culture / commerce

8. Competition with nobility (Boyars) for power
Czar took on role as head of church
Struggle with Boyars reached climax under rule of Ivan IV
Ivan IV

9. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
Began rule at age 16
Married into Romanov Boyar clan
Suspected Boyars of killing his wife
Threatened to abdicate unless given power to deal with Boyars and gain land called Oprichnina (“land apart”)

10. Ivan IV broke up estates of Boyars
Created new aristocratic class called Oprichniki
Used Oprichniki to terrorize population
Depredations made Russia weak – open to outside invasions
Ivan turned on Oprichniki

11. Ivan IV died (1584) leaving no heir
Civil War ensued along with outside invasions
Mikhail Romanov elected Czar in 1613
Romanovs would rule to 1917

12. Ivan cradles his dead son

13. Peter the Great Peter developed fascination for Western technology
Took throne in 1689
Established a policy of rapid and forced modernization and Westernization
Copied many aspects of Western military
Peter the Great

14. Established the “Table of Ranks,” permitting nobles to move ahead based on merit
Abolished the Terem, the Russian equivalent of the harem
Encouraged the mixing of the sexes in towns and cities
built new capital on the Baltic Sea, St. Petersburg

15. Russia and the West
Peter adopted only that which did not interfere with the autocratic state
Westernization caused hostility on part of the populace
Russia would continue love-hate relationship with the West

16. Catherine II (the Great)
Catherine the Great
Married Peter III
Peter murdered – Catherine succeeded to throne as Catherine II (1762 – 1796)
Ruled with support of nobility and military
Selective Westernization – interested in the Enlightenment
Catherine II (the Great)

17. Continued expansion of Russia into the Crimea and Siberia
Partitioned Poland – Poland not free again until 1918
Absorbed large Jewish population
Enacted harsh policies on treatment of serfs

18. Russian Expansion 1700 to 1741

19. Expansion east brought contact with Ottomans and Safavids
Took control of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia
Cossacks conducted campaign against ethnic peoples of Siberia (American west?)

20. Russia COT
In Russia , the centralization against the Mongols led to the development of the absolutist monarchy of the tsars and the “Westernization” campaign of gaining territory including the essential warm water ports. Feudalism, however, would be increasingly cemented by Russian forces to gain furthered agricultural productivity.

21. Labor Serfs could be bought and sold
A law code in 1649 imposed rigid caste-like structure over Russia’s labor force
It restricted both their occupational and their geographical mobility
Artisans and merchants had to register their children into their father’s occupation
It also established a hierarchy of nobles, making 52 Boyar families the top class

22. Industrialization began under Peter the Great
Factory owners could buy serfs, prostitutes, beggars, criminals, and orphans
Despite the emphasis put on industry, Russia’s factories never rivaled those of Europe

23. Russia COT 1450-1750 Changes Continuities
St. Petersburg (Window to the West) warm water port
Tsars centralized Absolute authority
Women interacting with men in cities, removal of Tarem, Catherine enlightened despot
Westernization campaign- removal beards, development of gunpowder weaponry, table of ranks, first navy
Campaign of “eastward” imperialism by Cossaks led to destruction of indigenous populations
Moscow still politically, economically and culturally important
Role of Orthodox church
Still patriarchal
Harsh punishment of serfs
Jews in pogroms
feudalism persitsed
Still predominantly agricultural
Furs still important revenue