1. Bell Ringer…
Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback mechanisms
Give and example of each type of mechanism and explain how each works for that example

2. Directional Terms
When navigating the body, directional terms help determine the exact location of a structure

3. Anatomical Position…
All directional terms are based on the body being in the “anatomical position”
Facing forward
Palms outward

4. In general, directional terms can be grouped in pairs of opposites
Superior/inferior (cranial/caudal)
Anterior/posterior (ventral/dorsal)
Medial/lateral
Proximal/distal (usually used with reference to the limbs)
Superficial/deep

5. Try it… The knees are __________ to the thighs
Your eyebrows are _________ to your nose
Your diaphragm is __________ to your stomach
Your elbows are ____________ to the wrists

6. Reference Planes
Imaginary lines used to section the body and its organs
These lines run longitudinally, horizontally, and on an angle

7. The 4 major body reference planes are:
median/sagittal
cuts body in half
if not median, can still be sagittal
frontal (coronal)
cuts the body into front and back halves
Transverse
Cut in half at the stomach
Oblique
Angular cut

8. Try It…
A mad slasher has a machete and slices you into two parts – front and back – what type of cut was it.
You are cutting vegetables cut your finger diagonally – what type of cut was it?
Describe a sagittal cut

9. Bell Ringer… Describe the anatomical position
What word can be used instead of cranial?
What word would you use to describe your skin to your muscles? What about your muscles to your skin?
What is the another word for ventral?

10. Bell Ringer II… e c d a b
Front

11. Body cavities Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs
There are 7 cavities – two are closed and 5 are open

12. The 2 major closed cavities
The dorsal cavity
Located in the posterior region of the body
Contains two smaller cavities
Cranial cavity – contains the brain
Vertebral cavity – contains the spinal cord

13. Located in the anterior region of the trunk
2. The ventral cavity
Located in the anterior region of the trunk
Contains two smaller cavities separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity – separated into two compartments by the medisternum which contains the aorta, esophagus, trachea, thymus
Pleural cavities – the spaces surrounding each lung
Pericardial cavity – the space in which the heart is located
Abdominopelvic cavity
Large abdominal cavity – the space that contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, kidney, and most of the large and small intestine
The pelvic cavity – the space that contains the terminal part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

14. Bell Ringer… In what cavity would you find the spinal cord?
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

15. The 5 open cavities Oral cavity – teeth and tongue
Nasal cavity – nose and sinuses
Orbital cavities – eyes
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities – houses joints

16. Body Regions
Designated for specific body areas that have a special nerve or vascular supply or those that perform a special function
The most widely used terms are those that designate regions in the abdomen

17. The 6 Abdomen Regions Umbilical region Epigastric region
Hypogastric region
Right/left iliac regions (a.k.a. inguinal)
Right/left lumbar regions
Right/left hypochondriac regions

18. Organs found in 9 abdomen regions
Umbilical region
Small intestine
2. Epigastric region
liver, diaphragm, transverse colon of large intestine, and stomach
3. Hypogastric region
- appendix, bladder, small intestine

19. Right iliac region
Cecum and ascending colon of the large intestine
Right lumbar region
Ascending colon
Right hypochondriac region
Gall bladder, liver, diaphragm, and transverse colon

20. Left iliac region
Initial part of the sigmoid colon
8. Left lumbar region
Descending colon
Left hypochondriac region
- stomach, diaphragm, transverse colon, start of the descending colon

21. Another scheme commonly used by medical personnel is quadrants
There are four major quadrants:
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

22. Bell Ringer… Label each section of the abdonminpelvic area B D A G C FJ H I

23. Bell Ringer II In what region(s) would I find my transverse colon?
Suzy goes to the hospital with appendicitis. What part of her abdomen will they have to cut?
Billy the bully gets punched in the umbilical section of his abdomen. What organ(s) are at risk for injury?

24. What type of cut were each a result of?2. 1. 3.

25. Review…
Of the 9 abdominopelvic regions, what 4 would be found or partially found in the left upper quadrant?
The spinal cord is ____________ to the esophagus
The larynx is _____________ to the trachea
Tommy is cutting down a tree with a chain saw – it slips and cuts off his arm. What type of cut is this?

26. Bell Ringer II Give the anatomical name for the following areas:
The cheek
The chest
The armpit
The kneecap
The thigh
The lower back