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Kunal D Patel Research Fellow IMM
X-Rays Kunal D Patel Research Fellow IMM
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} } } The 12-Steps Pre-read Quality Control Findings 1: Name 2: Date
3: Old films 4: What type of view(s) 5: Penetration 6: Inspiration 7: Rotation 8: Angulation 9: Soft tissues / bony structures 10: Mediastinum 11: Diaphragms 12: Lung Fields Pre-read } Quality Control } Findings
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NOTE normal pleura are NOT visible
Reviewing these areas Heart Size Shape Silhouette-margins should be sharp Evidence of stents, clips, wires and valves Diameter (>1/2 thoracic diameter is enlarged heart) Mediastinum Width? Contour? Lung fields Apices Lobes and fissures USE SILHOUETTES CP angles Diaphragm Gastric bubble NOTE normal pleura are NOT visible
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FINDINGS! A = Airway: are the trachea and mainstem bronchi patent; is the trachea midline? B = Bones: are the clavicles, ribs, and sternum present and are there fractures, lytic lesions? C = Cardiac silhouette: is the diameter of the heart > ½ thoracic diameter (enlarged)? D = Diaphragm: are the costophrenic and costocardiac margins sharp? is one hemidiaphragm enlarged over another? is free air present beneath the diaphragm? E = Effusion/empty space: is either present? F = Fields (lungs): are there infiltrates, increased interstitial markings, masses, air bronchograms, increased vascularity, or silhouette signs? G = Gastric bubble: is it present and on the correct (left) side? H = Hilar region: is there increased hilar lymphadenopathy?
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Summarise as well! "The trachea is central, the mediastinum is not displaced. The mediastinal contours and hila seem normal. The lungs seem clear, with no pneumothorax. There is no free air under the diaphragm. The bones and soft tissues seem normal."
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CASES Remember!: Most disease states replace air with a pathological process Each tissue reacts to injury in a predictable fashion Lung injury or pathological states can be either a generalized or localized process
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Evaluating an Abnormality
1. Identification of abnormal shadows 2. Localization of lesion 3. Identification of pathological process 4. Identification of etiology 5. Confirmation of clinical suspension Complex problems Introduction of contrast medium CT chest MRI scan
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A single, 3cm relatively thin-walled cavity is noted in the left midlung. This finding is most typical of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). One-third of SCC masses show cavitation
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LUL Atelectasis: Loss of heart borders/silhouetting
LUL Atelectasis: Loss of heart borders/silhouetting. Notice over inflation on unaffected lung
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Atelectasis Loss of air Obstructive atelectasis:
No ventilation to the lobe beyond obstruction Radiologically: Density corresponding to a segment or lobe Significant loss of volume Compensatory hyperinflation of normal lungs
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Right Middle and Left Upper Lobe Pneumonia
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Consolidation Lobar consolidation:
Alveolar space filled with inflammatory exudate Interstitium and architecture remain intact The airway is patent Radiologically: A density corresponding to a segment or lobe Airbronchogram, and No significant loss of lung volume
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Cavitation:cystic changes in the area of consolidation due to the bacterial destruction of lung tissue. Notice air fluid level.
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TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
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Widened Mediastinum: Aortic Dissection
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Right Middle Lobe Pneumothorax: complete lobar collapse
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Perihilar mass: Hodgkin’s disease
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28 y/o female with sudden onset SOB while jogging this morning
Well demarcated paucity of pulmonary vascular markings in right apex Left spontaneous pneumothorax
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