1. Body Planes
Anatomic reference systems describe the location and functions of body parts. The basic reference systems are: body planes, body directions, body cavities, and structural units
Body planes are imaginary horizontal and vertical lines used to divide the body into sections
The use of these planes makes it easier to describe the location of an organ or problem.

2. Midline and Bilateral Symetery
The midline, also known as the midsagittal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body, into equal left and right halves.

3. Transverse Plane
The transverse plane, also known as the horizontal plane, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

4. Ventral and Dorsal
Ventral refers to the front or belly side of the body.
Dorsal refers to the back of the body.

5. Superior and Inferior
Superior means uppermost, above or toward the head. For example, the lungs are located superior to (above) the diaphragm.
Inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet. For example, the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm.

6. Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity
Terms Related to Abdominal Cavity

7. Body Cavities
Cranial
Thoracic
Spinal
Diaphragm
Adbdominal
Pelvic

8. Body Cavities
The dorsal cavity contains the structure of the nervous system that coordinate the bodily functions.
The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord.
The ventral cavity contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis means maintaining a constant internal environment.
The ventral cavity is divided into three parts: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

9. Divisions of the Spinal Cord
Cervical vertebrae: C
Thoracic vertebrae: T
Lumbar vertebrae: L
Sacrum: S
Spinal column or spinal cord
Disk (slipped disk)
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10. Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
MEMBRANES
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Mucous Membranes Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
Line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
Loose connective tissue underneath
Often adapted for secretion ex. Line the stomach
Slide 4.4

12. Serous Membranes
Line thoracic / abdominal cavities & keep everything “wet” / lubricated
Surface simple squamous epithelium
Ex. Sac around heart = pericardial sac
Ex. Sac around lungs = pleural membranes
Slide 4.5

13. Synovial Membranes Connective Tissue have membranes
Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Bursitis is inflammation of membranes and sacs in the knee
Figure 4.2
Slide 4.7

14. Basic Features of the Nervous System
Meninges:
The three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system; the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater.
Dura mater: Outermost, tough and flexible.
Arachnoid membrane:
Middle layer located between the dura mater and pia mater.
Pia mater:
Innermost layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate.

15. [Blood vessels and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)]
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Membrane
Subarachnoid Space
[Blood vessels and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)]
Pia Mater
Nervous System Tissue Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

18. Cutaneous Membrane Cutaneous membrane = skin Superficial epidermis
A dry membrane
Outermost protective boundary
Superficial epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Underlying dermis
Mostly dense connective tissue
Figure 4.1a
Slide 4.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings