1. GROUNDWATER CONTROL

2. Ground Water Control
Water can be classified by its relative position to or within the ground.

3. Ground Water Control Problems of water in the subsoil:
A high water table could cause flooding during wet period.
Subsoil water can cause problems during excavation works by its natural tendency to flow into the voids created by the excavation activities.
It can cause an unacceptable humidity level around finished building and structures.

4. Ground Water Control
Control of ground water always referred to temporary and permanent exclusion.
Temporary exclusion: lowering of the water table and within the economic depth range of 1500mm using subsoil drainage methods, for deeper treatment a pump or pumps are usually used.
Permanent exclusion: the insertion of an impermeable barrier to stop the flow of water within the ground.

5. Ground Water Control

6. Ground Water Control Temporary exclusion Simple Sump Pumping
Jetted Sumps
Wellpoint Systems

7. Ground Water Control Simple Sump Pumping
Suitable for trench work and/or where small volume of water are involved.

8. Ground Water Control

9. Ground Water Control Jetted Sumps
Almost the same with simple sump methods of dewatering.
A borehole is formed in the subsoil by jetting a metal tube into the ground by means of pressurised water to a depth within the maximum suction lift of the extract pump.
The metal tube is withdrawn to leave a void for placing a disposable wellpoint and plastic suction pipe.
The area surrounding the pipe is filled with coarse sand as filtering media.

10. Ground Water Control

11. Ground Water Control Wellpoint systems
This is a method of lowering the water table to a position below the formation level to give a dry working area.
Jetting into the subsoil a series of wellpoints which are connected to a common header pipe which then connected to a vacuum pump.
Commonly use in trench excavation.
If the proposed formation level is below the suction lift capacity of the pump a multi-stage system can be employed.

12. Ground Water Control

13. Ground Water Control

14. Ground Water Control

15. Ground Water Control Permanent exclusion Thin Grouted Membranes
Contiguous Piling
Diaphragm Wall
Precast Concrete Diaphragm Walls
Grouting Methods
Ground Freezing Techniques

16. Ground Water Control Thin Grouted Membranes
Work as permanent curtain or cut-off non structural walls or barriers inserted in the ground to enclose the proposed excavation area.
Suitable for silts and sands and can be installed rapidly but they must be adequately supported by earth on both sides.
The only limitation is the depth to which the formers can be driven and extracted.

17. Ground Water Control

18. Ground Water Control Contiguous Piling
Forms a permanent structural wall of interlocking bored piles.
Alternate piles are bored and cast by traditional methods after which the interlocking piles are bored using a special auger or cutter.
Suitable for most types of subsoil and has the main advantages of being economical on small and confined sites; capable of being formed close to existing foundations and can be installed with the minimum of vibration and noise.

19. Ground Water Control Contiguous Piling
To ensure a complete interlock of all piles over the entire length may be difficult therefore the exposed face of the piles is usually covered with a mesh or similar fabric and face with rendering or sprayed concrete.
Suitable for structures such as basements, road underpasses and underground car parks.

20. Ground Water Control

21. Ground Water Control Diaphragm Wall
Are structural concrete walls which can be cast in-situ or using pre-cast concrete methods.
Suitable for most subsoil and their installation generates only a small amount of vibration and noise.
The high cost of these walls makes them uneconomic unless they can be incorporated into the finished structure.
Normally use for basements, underground carparks and similar structures.

22. Ground Water Control

23. Ground Water Control Pre-cast Concrete Diaphragm Wall
Have some applications with in-situ concrete diaphragm walls.
Lack in design flexibility.
The panel or post panel units are installed in a trench filled with a special mixture of bentonite and cement with a retarder to control the setting time.
This mixtures ensures that the joints between the wall components are effectively sealed.
To provide stability, the panels of posts are tied to the retained earth with ground anchors.

24. Ground Water Control

25. Ground Water Control Grouting Methods
Are used to form a curtain or cut-off wall in high permeability soils where pumping methods could be uneconomic.
The curtain walls formed by grouting methods are non-structural therefore adequate earth support will be required and in some cases this will be a distance of at least 4m from the face of proposed excavation.

26. Ground Water Control Grouting Methods
Grout mixtures are injected into the soil by pumping the grout at high pressure through special injection pipes inserted in the ground.
The pattern and spacing of the injection pipes will depend on the grout type and soil conditions.
Grout types:
Cement grouts
Chemical grouts
Resin grouts

27. Ground Water Control

28. Ground Water Control Ground Freezing Techniques
Suitable for all types of saturated soils and rock and for soils with a moisture content in excess of 8% of the voids.
The basic principle is to insert into the ground a series of freezing tubes to form an ice wall thus creating an impermeable barrier.
Takes time to develop and the initial costs are high.

29. Ground Water Control Ground Freezing Techniques
The freezing tubes can be installed vertically for conventional excavations and horizontally for tunneling works.
Normally using magnesium chloride and calcium chloride with a temperature of -15 to -25 degree Celsius which takes 10 to 17 days to form an ice wall 1m thick.
Liquid nitrogen could be used as the freezing medium to reduce the initial freezing period if the extra cost can be justified.

30. Ground Water Control

31. THE END