1. Respiratory System

2. Respiration Involving Gas Exchange
Cellular Respiration
Respiration Involving Gas Exchange

3. General Functions of the Respiratory System
A. Area for gas exchange
B. Moves air
C. Protects respiratory surfaces
D. Provides nonspecific defenses
E. Produces sounds
F. Provides olfactory sensations

4. Components of the Respiratory System
Nose and nasal cavity
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voicebox)
Trachea (Windpipe)
Lungs

5. The Nose: Structure Hair Mucous membranes Nasal conchae
Olfactory epithelium

6. The Nose: Function Keeps out large particles Moistens and filters air
Traps debris and pathogens
Houses olfactory receptors

7. The Pharynx: Structure
Lined with Mucous Membranes
3 regions:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharnx

8. The Pharynx: Function Warms and moistens air
Passageway for air and food
Resonating chamber for sounds
Houses tonsils

9. The Larynx: Structure
Cartilages
Mucous Membrane
Glottis
Vocal cords

10. The Larynx: Function Passageway for air Trap foreign particles
Produce sound
Posterior view

11. Vocal cords producing sound at 3 different pitches
120 Hz
200 Hz
160 Hz

12. The Trachea: Structure
Epithelium
Tracheal Cartilages
Trachealis Muscle

13. The Trachea: Function
Passageway for air
Trap foreign particles
Protect airway and keep it from collapsing

14. Lungs: Structure Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

15. Bronchioles

16. Alveoli Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood
LE 22-5b
Alveoli
Oxygen-poor
blood
Oxygen-rich
blood
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood
capillaries

17. Alveoli

18. Alveoli

19. Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

20. Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Rib cage expands as
LE 22-7a
Rib cage gets
smaller as
rib muscles
relax
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract
Air
inhaled
Air
exhaled
Diaphragm
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)
Inhalation
Exhalation

21. Pulmonary Ventilation
Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm

22. Ventilation (Breathing)

23. Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
CO2
2. pH

24. Breathing control centers stimulated by:LE
Pons
Breathing control centers
stimulated by:
Medulla
CO2 increase/pH decrease
in blood
Nerve signals indicating
CO2 and O2 levels
Nerve signals
trigger
contraction
of muscles
CO2 and O2
sensors
in aorta
Diaphragm
Rib muscles

25. Gas Exchange External Respiration Internal Respiration Exhaled air
Inhaled air
Gas Exchange
Alveolar
epithelial
cells
Air spaces
CO2 O2
External Respiration
Alveolar
capillaries of
lung
CO2-rich,
O2-poor
blood
O2-rich,
CO2-poor
blood
Heart
Tissue
capillaries
CO2 O2
Internal Respiration
Interstitial
fluid
CO2 O2
Tissue cells
throughout body

26. Animations on Internal and External Respiration

27. Gas Transport of Oxygen
LE 22-10
Gas Transport of Oxygen
Iron atom
O2 loaded
in lungs O2
O2 unloaded
in tissues O2
Heme group
Polypeptide chain

28. Gas Transport of CO2
7% dissolved in plasma
23% bound to hemoglobin
70% converted to carbonic acid (which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-)

29. Spirometer

30. Simple Spirometer Used in Lab

31. Lung Volumes & Capacities