1. Respiratory System

2. Function Obtain oxygen for cellular respiration Remove carbon dioxide
Filter and entrap particles from air
Control temperature of the air
Control water content of the air
Produce vocal sounds
Participate in smell

3. Major Organs of the Respiratory System
Trachea (windpipe)
-Extends downward anterior into right and left bronchi
-Has ciliated mucous membrane that filters incoming air and moves entrapped particles into the pharynx
Bronchi
-Branches off into left and right primary bronchi
-Makes up bronchial tree which consists of branched airways leading from trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs
Bronchioles
-Smaller tubes that branch from the tertiary bronchi, which branched from the secondary bronchi
Alveoli
-Smaller microscopic air sacs within the capillary networks

4. Upper Respiratory Tract
Major Structures
Nostrils
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Inhaled air is moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity.

5. Larynx Location Includes: Anterior aspect of the neck
Inferior to pharynx
Superior to trachea
Includes:
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis cartilage

6. 3 Cartilaginous Structures
Cricoid cartilage: ring of hyaline
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Epiglottis
guards glottis, prevents food from going into trachea, involved in gag reflex
protect vocal folds, changes pitch of voice
Provides attachment for muscles involved in opening

7. Lower Respiratory Tract
Major Structures
Trachea
Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

8. Lungs
Structure
3 lobes in right lung
2 lobes in left lung
Pleura
Pleura cavity
Pleural fluid
Diaphragm muscle
Air enters each lung through a single bronchi, which branches out into bronchioles, and eventually alveoli

9. Pleura Double layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
The pleural cavity is the space within, which the lung has grown
Serous membranes secrete serous fluid that keeps the lungs from being irritated when breathing

10. Diaphragm The diaphragm controls breathing
Contracted during inhalation, relaxed during expiration
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure
When inhaling, air pressure lower on the outside of lungs than the inside lungs
When exhaling, air pressure higher on the outside of lungs than the inside of lungs

11. Steps of Respiration Ventilation: movement of air in/out of lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between blood and air in lungs
Gas transport in blood between blood and body cells
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and cells

12. Respiratory Volume & Capacity
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a natural breath
Expiratory and inspiratory reserve volume: amounts of air possible to inhale or exhale
Residual volume: residual air constantly remaining in the lungs
Total lung capacity: volume of air contained in lungs at end of a maximal inspiration

13. Gas Exchange in Alveoli
When the partial pressures in the lungs are different than the partial pressures in the capillaries, diffusion occurs
O2 diffuses from lungs into alveolar capillaries during inhalation
CO2 diffuses into the lungs from the alveolar capillaries during exhalation

14. How Blood Carries Gases
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by hemoglobin in the red blood cells
2 or 4 oxygen can be carried by a single blood cell

15. Carbon Dioxide Transport
Can be carried in solution, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ion
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3
-Carbon dioxide reacts w/ water to form carbonic acid
H2CO3  H + + HCO3-
- Resulting carbonic acid dissociates, releasing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
H + + HCO3-  H2CO3  CO2 +H2O
- Hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ions recombine to form carbonic acid, and carbonic anhydrase breaks down to yield carbon dioxide and water

16. Lung- Heart Relationship
The pulmonary artery start from the heart carrying oxygen depleted blood to the lungs
The pulmonary vein returns oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

17. Respiratory Center in the Brain
Although we can control our breath, most respiration is autonomic
The respiratory system, located in brainstem, is made up of neurons, widely scattered in medulla oblongata and pons
Medulla rhythmicity area contains 2 groups
Dorsal: controls basic rhythm of inspiration and emit bursts of impulses that signal the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles to contract
Ventral: during heavy breathing neurons generate impulses that increase inspiratory movements

18. Factors That Affect Breathing
Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues, emotional states, and chemoreceptors
Hyperventilation:
Diaphragm and chest muscle spasms and/or airways become constricted, causing person to breathe rapidly
Asthma:
Thickens muscle in bronchial tubes, restricting airways and making it harder to breathe

19. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer results in large parts of the lung becoming inactive
Causes:
Family history of lung disease or cancer, smoking, being regularly exposed to unsafe chemicals or air
Effects:
Shortness of breath, dizziness, painful breathing, chronic coughing

20. THANK YOU!