1. The Human Body Chapter 4

2. The Planes of the Body Anterior Posterior Midline Midclavicular line Midaxillary Anterior Posterior Midline Midclavicular line Midaxillary

3. Movement Terms

4. Anatomic positions Prone Supine Trendelenberg (shock) Fowlers Prone Supine Trendelenberg (shock) Fowlers

5. The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles Designed to permit motion of the body

6. The Skull

7. The Neck

8. The Spinal Column

9. The Thorax

10. The Abdomen The abdomen is the second major body cavity It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion The abdomen is the second major body cavity It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion

12. The Pelvis

13. The Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot

14. The Upper Extremity Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Shoulder girdle Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand

15. Joints

16. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles

17. Types of Muscle Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle- Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body Cardiac muscle – Involuntary muscle – Has own blood supply and electrical system – Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods Skeletal (voluntary) muscle - Attached to the bones of the body Smooth (involuntary) muscle- Carries out the automatic muscular functions of the body Cardiac muscle – Involuntary muscle – Has own blood supply and electrical system – Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

18. The Respiratory System

19. Diaphragm Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Dome-shaped muscle Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Dome-shaped muscle Divides thorax from abdomen Contracts during inhalation Relaxes during exhalation

20. Breathing Process: Inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity Pressure in the lungs decreases Air travels to the lungs Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity Pressure in the lungs decreases Air travels to the lungs

21. Breathing Process: Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease Pressure in the lungs increases Air flows out of the lungs Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease Pressure in the lungs increases Air flows out of the lungs

22. Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen. Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

23. Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing. – Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” – Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing Brain stem controls breathing. – Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.” – Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

24. Normal Breathing Characteristics Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored Normal rate and depth Regular rhythm Good breath sounds in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored

25. Normal Breathing Rates Adults- 12 to 20 breaths/min Children- 15 to 30 breaths/min Infants-25 to 50 breaths/min Adults- 12 to 20 breaths/min Children- 15 to 30 breaths/min Infants-25 to 50 breaths/min

26. Recognizing Inadequate Breathing Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Muscle retractions Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate

27. Infant and Child Anatomy Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing Structures less rigid Airway smaller Tongue proportionally larger Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

28. The Circulatory System

29. The Heart

30. Blood Flow Through the Heart

31. Electrical Conduction System SA node AV node Purkinje fibers SA node AV node Purkinje fibers

32. Normal Heart Rates Adults- 60 to 100 beats/min Children- 70 to 150 beats/min Infants- 100 to 160 beats/min Adults- 60 to 100 beats/min Children- 70 to 150 beats/min Infants- 100 to 160 beats/min

33. Major Arteries and Veins Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Femoral Brachial Radial Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Femoral Brachial Radial Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Pulmonary

34. Components of Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

35. Physiology of the Circulatory System Pulse – The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts – Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone Blood pressure – Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries – Systole: Left ventricle contracts – Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion – Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue – If inadequate, the patient goes into shock Pulse – The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts – Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone Blood pressure – Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries – Systole: Left ventricle contracts – Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes Perfusion – Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue – If inadequate, the patient goes into shock

36. The Nervous System The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system – Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system – Controls involuntary body functions The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system – Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system – Controls involuntary body functions

37. Central Nervous System

38. Peripheral Nervous System Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

39. The Skin Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain

41. Endocrine System Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones

42. Endocrine Glands Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes Thyroid Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes Thyroid

43. Digestive System Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum Mouth Salivary glands Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Liver Bile ducts Small intestine Large intestine Appendix Rectum

44. Urinary System

45. Male Reproductive System

46. Female Reproductive System