1. Comet Machholz passes the Pleiades

2. Comet Machholz C/2004 Q2 Discovered byDonald Machholz, Jr. on August 27, 2004 Period of about 120,000 years Just up to naked eye visibility now, but much easier to see in binoculars

3. Comet Machholz’s path through the sky By the end of this week, the moon will be brightening in the evening sky, making observing more difficult Until moonset.

4. Comet Machholz’s two tails

5. Sidereal Time and Celestial Coordinates

6. AST 208 Web Page The AST208 web page now has the syllabus and the powerpoint file from the first lecture: http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/AST208/

7. Celestial Coordinates Altitude and azimuth

8. Right ascension and declination

9. Declination

11. The Daily Motion daily circles --- CCW looking north, CW looking south

12. Circumpolar stars

13. Which stars are circumpolar? The altitude of the North Celestial Pole is equal to our latitude, about 43 degrees. Only those stars within 43 degrees of the NCP are seen as circumpolar at our location So stars with a declination greater than 90 - 43 = 47 degrees are circumpolar for us

15. Which of the following stars are circumpolar as seen from a latitude of 60 degrees north? –Polaris declination = 89 degrees –Sirius declination = -17 degrees –Vega declination = 39 degrees

16. Some stars never rise above our horizon A star directly overhead has a declination equal to your latitude. A star that just manages to appear above your southern horizon will be 90 degrees further south. A star with a declination below -47 degrees will never rise above our horizon

17. Rules For an observer at latitude x north –Circumpolar: stars of dec > 90-x –Never seen: stars of dec < -(90 –x) –All of the stars with inbetween declinations are sometimes above our horizon and sometimes below it

18. If you are at the North Pole Which stars are circumpolar? Which stars would you never see?

19. If you are at the equator Which stars are circumpolar? Which stars do you never see?

21. Local Skies Lines of constant declination cross the sky at different altitudes, depending on your location on Earth. –declination line = your latitude goes through your zenith –the altitude of the N or S celestial pole = your latitude

22. Celestial Coordinates lines of Right Ascension & Declination lines of constant R.A. continually move in the sky as Earth rotates Movie. Click to play.

23. Hour Angle

26. Big sunspot group

27. Huygens probe landed on Saturn’s moon Titan First data expected later today if all goes well

28. Solar vs. Sidereal Day Sidereal day – time it takes a star at the meridian to return to the meridian. –23 hours 56 min 4 sec Solar day – time it takes the Sun at meridian (noon) to return to the meridian. –noon to noon or 24 hours Why the 4-minute difference? –as it rotates, the Earth also orbits the Sun –Earth must rotate an extra degree (4 min) each day… – for any observer on Earth to be at noon again

29. What is the LST? LST = local sidereal time LST = 0 when the Vernal equinox is transiting the meridian LST = 0 at local midnight at the autumnal equinox –LST is 2 hours later at midnight for every month that goes by since the autumnal equinox

30. What is the LST at local midnight tonight? LST = 0 + 2 X (3.7 months) = 7.4 hours 7.4 hours = 7 hours 24 min At midnight eastern standard time LST = 7 h 24 m – 37 minutes = 6 h 47 min A star with right ascension 6h 47 min would be on the meridian at that time

31. What is the LST at 8pm? LST = 6 h 47 min – 4 = 2h 47 min

32. Annual Motion of the Sun The R.A. of the Sun… –increases about 2 hours per month The Declination of the Sun… –varies between –23º and +23º

33. The Cause of the Seasons

34. Review questions (open notes) 1. At local midnight on April 1, 2005, what will be the approximate LST? 2. You are on a ship at latitude 10 degrees north. a. Stars of what declination are circumpolar for you? b. Stars of what declination never rise above your horizon? 3. At the summer solstice, around June 21, what is the declination of the sun? 4. At the summer solstice what is the altitude of the sun at local noon as seen from East Lansing (latitude about 43 degrees)?