2. Appreciating Individual Differences: Self-Concept, Personality,
Emotions
Learning Objectives
Distinguish between self-esteem and self-efficacy.
Contrast high and low self-monitoring individuals, and describe resulting problems each may have.
Explain the social learning model of self-management.
Identify and describe the Big Five personality dimensions, specify which one is correlated most strongly with job performance, and describe the proactive personality.
Explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control.
Explain the concepts of emotional contagion and emotional labor, and identify the four components of emotional intelligence
Chapter Five

3. An OB Model for Studying Individual Differences
5-1 Figure 5-1
The Unique Individual
Forms of Self- Expression
Personality traits
Self-Management
Self Concept
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
Self-monitoring
Attitudes
Abilities
Emotions
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4. From Self-Concept to Self-Management
5-2
Self-concept is a person’s self-perception as a physical, social, spiritual being.
Cognitions are a person’s knowledge, opinions, or beliefs.
Self-esteem is one’s overall self-evaluation.
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5. Skills & Best Practices: How to Build
Self-Esteem in Yourself and Others
5-3
Live consciously
Be self-accepting
Take personal responsibility
Be self-assertive
Live purposefully
Have personal integrity
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6. Self-Efficacy (“I can do that.”)
5-4
Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to do a task
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7. “I don’t think I can get the job done.”
Self-Efficacy Beliefs Pave the Way
for Success or Failure
5-5 Figure 5-2
Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Feedback
Results
Behavior
Patterns
Prior
experience
High
“I know I can do this job
Success
Behavior
models
Self-efficacy
Beliefs
Persuasion
From
Others
Behavior
Patterns
Low
“I don’t think I can get the job done.”
Assessment
Of Physical
Emotional
State
Failure
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8. Self-Monitoring
5-6
Self-monitoring is observing one’s own behavior and adapting it to the situation
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9. A Social Learning Model of
Self-Management
5-7 Figure 5-3
Person
(Psychological self)
Behavior
Situational cues
Consequences
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10. Covey’s Seven Habits: An Agenda for Managerial Self-Improvement
5-8 Table 5-1
Be proactive
Being with the end in mind
Put first things first
Think win/win
Seek first to understand, then to be understood
Synergize
Sharpen the saw
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11. The Big Five Personality Dimensions
5-9 Table 5-2
Personality Dimension
Characteristics
Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
Extraversion
Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
Agreeableness
Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent
Conscientiousness
Relaxed, secure, unworried
Emotional stability
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
Openness to experience
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12. Proactive Personality
5-10
A Proactive Personality is an action-oriented person who shows initiative and perseveres to change things.
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13. Locus of Control
5-11
Internal locus of control: belief that one controls key events and consequences in one’s life.
External locus of control: One’s life outcomes attributed to environmental factors such as luck or fate.
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14. Skills & Best Practices: How Lucky People Make Their Own Luck
5-12
Maximize chance opportunities
Listen to your lucky hunches
Expect good fortune
Turn bad luck into good
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15. Seven Major Mental Abilities
5-13 Table 5-3
Ability
Description
Understanding what words mean and readily comprehending what is read
Verbal comprehension
Ability to produce isolated words that fulfill symbolic or structural requirements
Word fluency
Ability to make quick and accurate arithmetic computations such as adding and subtracting
Numerical
Able to perceive spatial patterns and to visualize how geometric shapes would look if transformed in shape and position
Spatial
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16. Seven Major Mental Abilities (Cont.)
5-14 Table 5-3
Ability
Description
Having good memory for paired words, symbols, lists of numbers, or other associated items
Memory
Ability to perceive figures, identify similarities and differences, and carry out tasks involving visual perception
Perceptual speed
Ability to reason from specifics to general conclusions
Inductive reasoning
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17. Positive and Negative Emotions
5-15
Negative emotions (Goal incongruent): - Anger - Fright/anxiety - Guilt/shame - Sadness - Envy/jealousy - Disgust
Positive emotions (Goal congruent) - Happiness/joy - Pride - Love/affection - Relief
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18. Emotional Intelligence
5-16
Emotional Intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways
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19. Skills & Best Practices: How to Develop
Personal and Social Competence Through
Emotional Intelligence
5-17
Personal Competence
Self-Awareness
Emotional self-awareness
Accurate self-assessment
Self-confidence
Self-Management
Emotional self-control
Transparency
Adaptability
Achievement
Initiative
Optimism
Social Competence
Social Awareness
Empathy
Organizational awareness
Service
Relationship Management
Inspirational leadership
Influence
Developing others
Change catalyst
Conflict management
Building bonds
Teamwork and collaboration
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